This paper analyses the distribution of social infrastructure (accessibility to services and job opportunities) in a perspective of spatial lifestyle stratification in the Stockholm region. The study is based on a questionnaire completed by 1160 respondents, capturing individual data on attitudes, lifestyles and demography, and urban morphological qualities developed from high resolution register data. The spatial social stratification is based on a spatial cluster analysis on six lifestyles: highly success-oriented; success-oriented with high work ethics; conscious young and elder; people with weak motivations; designers; and middle-class bourgeois. They are spatially distributed in eight overlapping spatial clusters, namely: highly success-oriented and socially mixed central inner city; designers' inner suburbia; socially mixed inner suburbia; middle-class bourgeois suburbia; highly success-oriented suburbia; conscious young-elder suburbia; socially mixed exurbia; and socially mixed rurality. It turns out that people characterized by weak motivation lifestyle (low income, low education level, not success oriented, etc.) are the most negatively affected lifestyle cluster concerning accessibility to jobs and service. A total of 45% of the 'weak motivation lifestyle' respondents reside in 'socially mixed exurbia' and 'socially mixed rurality'. They experience less than 20% of social infrastructure compared to, in this respect, the most privileged spatial lifestyle cluster, the 'highly success-oriented and socially mixed central inner city' cluster. Still, surprisingly, this 'weak motivation' lifestyle is also concentrated in the 'socially mixed inner suburbia' cluster. One reason for this dual spatial concentration might be the Swedish rental policy, linked to residential use-values and a queuing system, instead of exchange values. This policy allows for a complex spatial social stratification influenced by a range of factors (lifestyle and attitudes among others), and not merely income.

The possibility of attaining environmental and social goals through urban and regional planning has long been the subject of research and debate. The current research investigates the precise relations between urban morphology, lifestyles, social-psychological aspects and work-related travel behaviour in terms of travel distance and travel mode. The study area is the Stockholm region. Travel distance and mode were linked to explanatory variables by linear and multinomial regression methods. Results from this study in the form of marginal effects show that urban morphology and demographics have a substantial influence on travel behaviour. However, lifestyles, attitudes and ideologies have significant influence as well. Travel distance is foremost influenced by attitude to travel distance and occupation. Travel mode is foremost influenced by distance to public transport facility and gender. Urban morphology, a designer lifestyle and ideological concerns regarding ecology matter as well. Thus, sustainable travel behaviours can be promoted by spatial planning. As other factors – attitudes, lifestyles and ideologies – also have a substantial influence, the possibilities and limitations of planning to contribute to a sustainable society should be further debated and if possible – clarified.

Innehållsförteckning

Inledning

Utgångspunkter för stads- och regionplanering

Introduktion

Hall P. (2002). Urban and Regional Planning, pp. 1-9. London: RoutledgeCampell S., Fainstein S. S., (2012). Introduction In Readings in planning theory, pp. 1-16. Blackwell,Cambridge, Mass.

Taylor N. (1998). Urban planning theory since 1945. London: SAGE. (19 sid)Allmendinger P. (2017). Planning theory, pp. 5-6, 16, 35-50. Basingstoke: Palgrave

Sayer A. (2010). Methods in social science. A realist approach. pp. 16-19, 44-49. London: Routledge.

Yiftachel O. (1989). Towards a new type of urban planning theories. Environment and planning B: Planning and design, 16, 23-39

Thrift N. J. (1983). On the determination of social action in space and time. Environment and planningD, 1, 23-57.

Utmaning 1: Vilken kunskap är relevant i en planeringsprocess?

Introduktion

Rydin Y. (2007). Re-Examining the role of knowledge within planning theory. Planning theory , 6 (1),52-68.

Easton D. (1965). A framework for political analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.)

Parsons T. (1968) “Social Systems”. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (pp 458-473).New York: Macmillan.)

Utmaning 2: Hur kan komplex kunskap integreras i en planeringsorganisation och bidra tillinstitutionell kapacitet?

Introduktion

Healey P. (1998). Building institutional capacity through collaborative approaches to urban planning.Environment and planning A. 30, 1531-1646

Feitelson, E. I. (2011). Issue Generating Assessment: Bridging the gap between evaluation theory andpractice? Planning Theory and Practice, 12(4), 549-568.

Adolphson M. and Jonsson D. (2020). Uncover the theory practice gap in Swedish transportplanning: an interdisciplinary approach. European Planning Studies. 28(11), 2237-2260.)

Utmaning 3: Hur kan (politiska) värderingar integreras i en planeringsprocess

Introduktion

Habermas J. (2007[1996]). Civil society and political public spheres. In C Calhoun, J Gerties, J Moody,S Pfaff and I Virk (Eds.) Contemporary sociological theory (pp 388-407). Malden MA, BlackwellPublishing.

Ahlenius I-B. (2012). Staten är inte ett företag. Stockholm: Dagens nyheter (20120817)

Kiernan M J (1983) Ideology, politics, and planning: reflections on the theory and practice of urbanplanning. Environment and planning B: Planning and design, 10, pp 71-87

Davidoff P: (1965). Advocacy and pluralism in planning. In Campell S., Fainstein S. S. (Eds.). (2003).Readings in planning theory, pp. 277-296. Blackwell, Cambridge, Mass.

Utmaning 4: Hur kan komplex expertkunskap integreras i demokratisk/kommunikativplanering?

Introduktion

Lindblom C. E. (1959[1996]). The science of ”Muddling through”. In Campell S., Fainstein S. S., (Eds.)(1996). Readings in planning theory. pp. 79-88. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.

Hertting N och Hellquist A. (uå). Om svenska demokratiutvecklares ideer och konsten att institutionalisera medborgardialog i lokal politik. IBF, Uppsala Universitet

I syfte att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser och motverka klimatförändring har riksdagen antagit ett miljömål om att i transportarbetet öka andelen gång, cykel och kollektivtrafik, och minska andelen bilanvändande. Vilka faktorer som påverkar resebeteenden har dock delvis varit okända. I forskningsprojektet 'Urbanmorfologi, livsstilar och resebeteende' har individers resebeteende relaterats till urbanmorfologi, livsstilar, attityder och demografi. Resebeteende (längd, frekvens och färdmedel) avser resor till arbete, service och fritidsaktivitet. I studien ha en social-psykologisk modell används för att utveckla variabler beskrivande miljömässiga så som individuella aspekter. Studien baseras på en enkätundersökning och precisa rumsliga beskrivningar. Studieområdet är Stockholms län. Enkäten genomfördes våren 2019. Studien visar på att både urbanmorfologi och demografi, liksom livsstilar och attityder påverkar resebeteenden. Det är därför av avgörande betydelse att stads- och regionplaneringen har kunskap om dessa relationer för att kunna bidra till utvecklingen av ett hållbart samhälle

This paper analyses the gap between planning theory and planning practice in Swedish infrastructure planning. Planning theory was of limited relevance in order to understand the planning processes and the documents. Instead sociology, political theory and philosophy appeared as useful theoretical resources. Bourdieu’s theories on social and cultural capital, and ‘the feel for the game’ were useful in understanding planning practice. In order to develop communicative planning theory into a useful asset for planning practice the system perspective and the emphasis on public spheres from Habermas communicative action theory, critical realism and political pluralism might well serve as theoretical point of departures.

Since the 1990s a number of new railway stations have been established in Sweden on new or rerouted lines, while other stations have been reconstructed at their original locations. Some stations were located in urban surroundings, others in semi-urban or peripheral locations depending on the trade of between regional speed, and local urban circumstances. The urban form consequences depending on station localisation of these transport infrastructure investments are nonetheless unknown. In order to provide a basis for future planning, this research aims to provide knowledge on urban form consequences of relocating railway stations. 13 stations were selected in a case study. Changes in urban densities from 1993 to 2013 were analysed by a combination of kernel techniques and estimation of monocentric density models. Stations within an urban and semi-urban environments show strong agglomeration tendencies. Within peripheral environments, the urban development was unclear or even negative. In an urban environment, the location of the station still attracted more urban resources compared to the location of the urban density centre. These findings should be understood in the light of a market-oriented socio-economic context since 1990th influencing the planning system and the development of urban form.

14 ny- eller ombyggda stationer för i första hand fjärrtrafik och långväga regionaltrafik med sedan 1990 kraftigt förbättrat tågutbud har valts ut i studien: Från söder till norr Malmö Hyllie, Triangeln och Malmö C, Laholm, Flemingsberg, Södertälje syd, Läggesta, Strängnäs, Eskilstuna C, Bålsta, Uppsala C, Söderhamn, Umeå Ö och Umeå C. Analysen omfattar tre huvuddelar: Dels 1) en analys av avresande tågresenärers resvanor och värderingar, dels 2) en morfologisk studie över samhällsstrukturens förändringar 1993–2013 och kommunernas översiktsplaner, och för stationerna i Mälardalen dels 3) en modellanalys av förändringar i trafik och tillgänglighet vid alternativ lokalisering.

Sammanfattningsvis tyder studien på att valet av lokalisering av nya stationer får effekter för samhället när det gäller samhällsstruktur, resenärernas nöjdhet, resvanor och färdmedelsval och tillgänglighet till arbetsplatser och service, vilket påverkar järnvägssystemets attraktivitet och därmed reseefterfrågan. Centralt eller urbant lokaliserade stationer framstår därmed som mer attraktiva och bättre ur systemsynpunkt än perifert lokaliserade stationer.

Anledningen till att perifera stationer tillkommer är dock att man vill minska anläggningskostnaderna eller intrång i redan bebyggd miljö jämfört med en urban lokalisering. När detta blir aktuellt är det viktigt med bra anslutande kollektivtrafik och andra stödjande strategier för bland annat exploatering. Föreliggande studie tillför dock argument att värdera de positiva effekterna av en urbant lokaliserad station högre än idag.

Vi har identifierat möjligheter att vidareutveckla metoderna för att utvärdera effekterna av stationslokalisering inom fler områden. Det går också införa analyserna i lokaliseringsutredningar för att förbättra beslutsunderlaget i framtida val av stationslokalisering.

Following the argument that increasing mobility has scattered consumption throughout Sweden’s regions, this study investigates how individuals’ consumption choices are influenced by official heritage. It argues that individuals’ everyday routines highlight the role played by heritage in socio-economic regional change, challenging traditional planning systems and altering individuals’ relationships with their environments, leading to new values being placed on official heritage. This argument was tested using interviews and questionnaires in Mariefred, Sweden, and demonstrates that official heritage plays multiple and contrasting roles, including the use of heritage as an attempt to reconcile opposing principles such as progress/development and tradition/conservation.