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Roos, A. K., Scarano, E., Arvidsson, E., Holmgren, E. & Haviland, D. B. (2024). Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications. , 15
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications
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2024 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We describe a transducer for low-temperature atomic force microscopy based on electromechanical coupling due to a strain-dependent kinetic inductance of a superconducting nanowire. The force sensor is a bending triangular plate (cantilever) whose deflection is measured via a shift in the resonant frequency of a high-Q superconducting microwave resonator at 4.5 GHz. We present design simulations including mechanical finite-element modeling of surface strain and electromagnetic simulations of meandering nanowires with large kinetic inductance. We discuss a lumped-element model of the force sensor and describe the role of an additional shunt inductance for tuning the coupling to the transmission line used to measure the microwave resonance. A detailed description of our fabrication is presented, including information about the process parameters used for each layer. We also discuss the fabrication of sharp tips on the cantilever using focused electron beam-induced deposition of platinum. Finally, we present measurements that characterize the spread of mechanical resonant frequency, the temperature dependence of the microwave resonance, and the sensor's operation as an electromechanical transducer of force. 

Keywords
force sensing, atomic force microscopy, kinetic inductance, superconductivity, optomechanics
National Category
Nano Technology
Research subject
Physics, Material and Nano Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343023 (URN)10.48550/arXiv.2310.03569 (DOI)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 828966Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ITM17-0343
Note

QC 20240208

Available from: 2024-02-05 Created: 2024-02-05 Last updated: 2024-02-20Bibliographically approved
Roos, A. K., Scarano, E., Arvidsson, E., Holmgren, E. & Haviland, D. B. (2024). Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 15, 242-255
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications
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2024 (English)In: Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, E-ISSN 2190-4286, Vol. 15, p. 242-255Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We describe a transducer for low-temperature atomic force microscopy based on electromechanical coupling due to a strain-dependent kinetic inductance of a superconducting nanowire. The force sensor is a bending triangular plate (cantilever) whose deflection is measured via a shift in the resonant frequency of a high-Q superconducting microwave resonator at 4.5 GHz. We present design simulations including mechanical finite-element modeling of surface strain and electromagnetic simulations of meandering nanowires with large kinetic inductance. We discuss a lumped-element model of the force sensor and describe the role of an additional shunt inductance for tuning the coupling to the transmission line used to measure the microwave resonance. A detailed description of our fabrication is presented, including information about the process parameters used for each layer. We also discuss the fabrication of sharp tips on the cantilever using focused electron beam-induced deposition of platinum. Finally, we present measurements that characterize the spread of mechanical resonant frequency, the temperature dependence of the microwave resonance, and the sensor’s operation as an electromechanical transducer of force.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Beilstein Institut, 2024
Keywords
atomic force microscopy, force sensing, kinetic inductance, optomechanics, superconductivity
National Category
Nano Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343570 (URN)10.3762/bjnano.15.23 (DOI)001162781300001 ()
Note

QC 20240301

Available from: 2024-02-20 Created: 2024-02-20 Last updated: 2024-03-01Bibliographically approved
Roos, A. K., Scarano, E., Arvidsson, E. K., Holmgren, E. & Haviland, D. B. (2023). Kinetic Inductive Electromechanical Transduction for Nanoscale Force Sensing. Physical Review Applied, 20(2), Article ID 024022.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kinetic Inductive Electromechanical Transduction for Nanoscale Force Sensing
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2023 (English)In: Physical Review Applied, E-ISSN 2331-7019, Vol. 20, no 2, article id 024022Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We use the principles of cavity optomechanics to design a resonant mechanical force sensor for atomic force microscopy. The sensor is based on a type of electromechanical coupling, dual to traditional capacitive coupling, whereby the motion of a cantilever induces surface strain that causes a change in the kinetic inductance of a superconducting nanowire. The cavity is realized by a compact microwave-plasma mode with an equivalent LC circuit involving the kinetic inductance of the nanowire. The device is fully coplanar and we show how to transform the cavity impedance for optimal coupling to the transmission line and the following amplifier. For the device presented here, we estimate the bare kinetic inductive mechanoelectric coupling (KIMEC) rate g0/2π in the range 3–10 Hz. We demonstrate phase-sensitive detection of cantilever motion using a multifrequency pumping and measurement scheme.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society, 2023
National Category
Nano Technology
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334375 (URN)10.1103/physrevapplied.20.024022 (DOI)001052945100003 ()2-s2.0-85168731329 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ITM17-0343EU, Horizon 2020, 828966
Note

QC 20230825

Available from: 2023-08-18 Created: 2023-08-18 Last updated: 2024-02-05Bibliographically approved
Jolin, S. W., Andersson, G., Rivera Hernández, J. C., Strandberg, I., Quijandría, F., Aumentado, J., . . . Haviland, D. B. (2023). Multipartite Entanglement in a Microwave Frequency Comb. Physical Review Letters, 130(12), Article ID 120601.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multipartite Entanglement in a Microwave Frequency Comb
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2023 (English)In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 130, no 12, article id 120601Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Significant progress has been made with multipartite entanglement of discrete qubits, but continuous variable systems may provide a more scalable path toward entanglement of large ensembles. We demonstrate multipartite entanglement in a microwave frequency comb generated by a Josephson parametric amplifier subject to a bichromatic pump. We find 64 correlated modes in the transmission line using a multifrequency digital signal processing platform. Full inseparability is verified in a subset of seven modes. Our method can be expanded to generate even more entangled modes in the near future.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS), 2023
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Condensed Matter Physics Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-330969 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.120601 (DOI)000989413500006 ()37027873 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85151294900 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230705

Available from: 2023-07-05 Created: 2023-07-05 Last updated: 2023-07-13Bibliographically approved
Tholen, M. O., Borgani, R., Di Carlo, G. R., Bengtsson, A., Križan, C., Kudra, M., . . . Haviland, D. B. (2022). Measurement and control of a superconducting quantum processor with a fully integrated radio-frequency system on a chip. Review of Scientific Instruments, 93(10), 104711, Article ID 104711.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measurement and control of a superconducting quantum processor with a fully integrated radio-frequency system on a chip
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2022 (English)In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 93, no 10, p. 104711-, article id 104711Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We describe a digital microwave platform called Presto, designed for measurement and control of multiple quantum bits (qubits) and based on the third-generation radio-frequency system on a chip. Presto uses direct digital synthesis to create signals up to 9 GHz on 16 synchronous output ports, while synchronously analyzing responses on 16 input ports. Presto has 16 DC-bias outputs, four inputs and four outputs for digital triggers or markers, and two continuous-wave outputs for synthesizing frequencies up to 15 GHz. Scaling to a large number of qubits is enabled through deterministic synchronization of multiple Presto units. A Python application programming interface configures a firmware for synthesis and analysis of pulses, coordinated by an event sequencer. The analysis integrates template matching (matched filtering) and low-latency (184-254 ns) feedback to enable a wide range of multi-qubit experiments. We demonstrate Presto's capabilities with experiments on a sample consisting of two superconducting qubits connected via a flux-tunable coupler. We show single-shot readout and active reset of a single qubit; randomized benchmarking of single-qubit gates showing 99.972% fidelity, limited by the coherence time of the qubit; and calibration of a two-qubit iSWAP gate. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AIP Publishing, 2022
Keywords
Application programming interfaces (API), Application specific integrated circuits, Digital radio, Radio waves, Software radio, Direct digital synthesis, Fully integrated, Measurement and control, Output ports, Quantum processors, Radio frequency systems, Single quantum, System on a chip, Systems-on-a-chip, Third generation, Firmware, article, benchmarking, calibration, controlled study, filtration, microwave radiation, radiofrequency, randomized controlled trial, synthesis
National Category
Signal Processing Nano Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-328946 (URN)10.1063/5.0101398 (DOI)000878198400009 ()36319392 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85141164689 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230614

Available from: 2023-06-14 Created: 2023-06-14 Last updated: 2023-12-22Bibliographically approved
Kudra, M., Kervinen, M., Strandberg, I., Ahmed, S., Scigliuzzo, M., Osman, A., . . . Gasparinetti, S. (2022). Robust Preparation of Wigner-Negative States with Optimized SNAP-Displacement Sequences. PRX QUANTUM, 3(3), Article ID 030301.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Robust Preparation of Wigner-Negative States with Optimized SNAP-Displacement Sequences
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2022 (English)In: PRX QUANTUM, ISSN 2691-3399, Vol. 3, no 3, article id 030301Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Hosting nonclassical states of light in three-dimensional microwave cavities has emerged as a promising paradigm for continuous-variable quantum information processing. Here we experimentally demonstrate high-fidelity generation of a range of Wigner-negative states useful for quantum computation, such as Schrodinger-cat states, binomial states, Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill states, as well as cubic phase states. The latter states have been long sought after in quantum optics and have never been achieved experimentally before. We use a sequence of interleaved selective number-dependent arbitrary phase (SNAP) gates and displacements. We optimize the state preparation in two steps. First we use a gradient-descent algorithm to optimize the parameters of the SNAP and displacement gates. Then we optimize the envelope of the pulses implementing the SNAP gates. Our results show that this way of creating highly nonclassical states in a harmonic oscillator is robust to fluctuations of the system parameters such as the qubit frequency and the dispersive shift.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2022
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-315915 (URN)10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.030301 (DOI)000823762500001 ()2-s2.0-85136004195 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220728

Available from: 2022-07-28 Created: 2022-07-28 Last updated: 2023-12-22Bibliographically approved
Andersson, G., Jolin, S. W., Scigliuzzo, M., Borgani, R., Tholen, M. O., Rivera Hernández, J. C., . . . Delsing, P. (2022). Squeezing and Multimode Entanglement of Surface Acoustic Wave Phonons. PRX Quantum, 3(1), Article ID 010312.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Squeezing and Multimode Entanglement of Surface Acoustic Wave Phonons
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2022 (English)In: PRX Quantum, E-ISSN 2691-3399, Vol. 3, no 1, article id 010312Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Exploiting multiple modes in a quantum acoustic device could enable applications in quantum information in a hardware-efficient setup, including quantum simulation in a synthetic dimension and continuous-variable quantum computing with cluster states. We develop a multimode surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) integrated in one of the Bragg reflectors. The interaction with the SQUID-shunted mirror gives rise to coupling between the more than 20 accessible resonator modes. We exploit this coupling to demonstrate two-mode squeezing of SAW phonons, as well as four-mode multipartite entanglement. Our results open avenues for continuous-variable quantum computing in a compact hybrid quantum system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS), 2022
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312139 (URN)10.1103/prxquantum.3.010312 (DOI)000800570500001 ()2-s2.0-85126589271 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish Research Council
Note

QC 20220530

Available from: 2022-05-12 Created: 2022-05-12 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
Thorén, P.-A., Borgani, R., Forchheimer, D. & Haviland, D. B. (2021). High-Velocity Shear and Soft Friction at the Nanometer Scale. FRONTIERS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-SWITZERLAND, 7, Article ID 765816.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High-Velocity Shear and Soft Friction at the Nanometer Scale
2021 (English)In: FRONTIERS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-SWITZERLAND, ISSN 2297-3079, Vol. 7, article id 765816Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We study high-speed friction on soft polymer materials by measuring the amplitude dependence of cyclic lateral forces on the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip as it slides on the surface with fixed contact force. The resulting dynamic force quadrature curves separate the elastic and viscous contributions to the lateral force, revealing a transition from stick-slip to free-sliding motion as the velocity increases. We explain force quadratures and describe how they are measured, and we show results for a variety of soft materials. The results differ substantially from the measurements on hard materials, showing hysteresis in the force quadrature curves that we attribute to the finite relaxation time of viscoelastic surface deformation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media SA, 2021
Keywords
frictional force microscopy, slip length, force quadratures, intermodulation, atomic force microscopy
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics Physical Chemistry Other Chemistry Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-306751 (URN)10.3389/fmech.2021.765816 (DOI)000731003400001 ()2-s2.0-85121434543 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220104

Available from: 2022-01-04 Created: 2022-01-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
Jolin, S. W., Borgani, R., Tholen, M. O., Forchheimer, D. & Haviland, D. B. (2020). Calibration of mixer amplitude and phase imbalance in superconducting circuits. Review of Scientific Instruments, 91(12), Article ID 124707.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Calibration of mixer amplitude and phase imbalance in superconducting circuits
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2020 (English)In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 91, no 12, article id 124707Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

An important device for modulation and frequency translation in the field of circuit quantum electrodynamics is the in-phase and quadrature mixer, an analog component for which calibration is necessary to achieve optimal performance. In this paper, we introduce techniques originally developed for wireless communication applications to calibrate upconversion and downconversion mixers. A Kalman filter together with a controllable carrier frequency offset calibrates both mixers without removing them from the embedding measurement infrastructure. These techniques can be embedded into room temperature control electronics and hopefully find widespread use as circuit quantum electrodynamics devices continue to grow in complexity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AIP Publishing, 2020
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289322 (URN)10.1063/5.0025836 (DOI)000604135700001 ()33379953 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85099243359 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210125

Available from: 2021-01-25 Created: 2021-01-25 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
Weissl, T., Jolin, S. W., Borgani, R., Forchheimer, D. & Haviland, D. B. (2019). A general characterization method for nonlinearities in superconducting circuits. New Journal of Physics, 21, Article ID 053018.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A general characterization method for nonlinearities in superconducting circuits
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2019 (English)In: New Journal of Physics, E-ISSN 1367-2630, Vol. 21, article id 053018Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Detailed knowledge of nonlinearity in superconducting microwave circuits is required for the optimal control of their quantum state. We present a general method to precisely characterize this nonlinearity to very high order. Our method is based on intermodulation spectroscopy at microwave frequencies and does not require DC-connection or DC-measurement of an on-chip reference structure. We give a theoretical derivation of the method and we validate it by reconstructing a known nonlinearity from simulated data. We experimentally demonstrate the reconstruction of the unknown nonlinear current-phase relation of a microwave resonator with superconducting nanowires.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2019
Keywords
intermodulation, superconducting circuits, nonlinearity, current-phase relation, parametric amplifier
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252610 (URN)10.1088/1367-2630/ab175a (DOI)000467473500009 ()2-s2.0-85069534944 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190603

Available from: 2019-06-03 Created: 2019-06-03 Last updated: 2024-01-17Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-8534-6577

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