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Truncali, A., Di Francesco, D., Margarita, C., Ribca, I., Brandt, L., Sochor, B., . . . Lundberg, H. (2025). Allylation and Thermosetting of Acetosolv Wheat Straw Lignin. ChemSusChem, 18(7), Article ID e202402051.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Allylation and Thermosetting of Acetosolv Wheat Straw Lignin
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2025 (English)In: ChemSusChem, ISSN 1864-5631, E-ISSN 1864-564X, Vol. 18, no 7, article id e202402051Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The acetosolv extraction, allylation and subsequent cross-linking of wheat straw lignin to thermoset biomaterials is herein described. The extraction temperature proved to be of great importance for the quality of the resulting lignin, with moderate temperature being key for preservation of β-O-4’ linkages. The allylation of the acetosolv lignin was carried out using three different synthetic strategies, resulting in selective installation of either benzylic or phenolic allyl ethers, or unselective allylation of various hydroxyl groups via etherification and carboxyallylation. The different allylation protocols employed either allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, or diallylcarbonate as allyl precursors, with the latter resulting in the highest degree of functionalization. Selected allylated acetosolv lignins were cross-linked using a thiol-ene approach and the lignin with the highest density of allyl groups was found to form a cross-linked thermoset material with properties comparable to kraft lignin-based analogues.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2025
Keywords
Acetosolv, Allylation, Lignin, Thermoset, Wheat straw
National Category
Organic Chemistry Polymer Technologies Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362246 (URN)10.1002/cssc.202402051 (DOI)001378626900001 ()39555986 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105001636308 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250416

Available from: 2025-04-09 Created: 2025-04-09 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved
Cattaruzza, M., Fang, Y., Furo, I., Lindbergh, G., Liu, F. & Johansson, M. (2025). Hybrid polymer-liquid lithium ION electrolytes: Effect of carbon black during polymerization-induced phase separation. Polymer, 326, Article ID 128341.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hybrid polymer-liquid lithium ION electrolytes: Effect of carbon black during polymerization-induced phase separation
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2025 (English)In: Polymer, ISSN 0032-3861, E-ISSN 1873-2291, Vol. 326, article id 128341Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

An increasing demand for alternative electrolyte systems is emerging to address limitations associated with traditional liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Hybrid polymer-liquid electrolytes (HEs) combine the merits of solid polymers and liquid electrolytes in a heterogeneous phase-separated system where the polymer phase encapsulates the liquid ion-conducting phase. These electrolytes are synthesized through polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS), resulting in the formation of a porous three-dimensional polymer network. Carbon black (CB) serves as conductive additive in LIBs electrodes, enhancing electric conductivity and thereby improving the battery performance and lifespan. How CB, already present in conventional electrodes, affects the PIPS process during the formation of HEs for LIBs, focusing on the material interactions and the formed microstructure properties, has been investigated. Addition of CB does not negatively affect the result of PIPS process, and it permits high conversion rate and compatibility with HE at all CB concentrations investigated. Morphological analysis in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals consistent macroporous and mesoporous structures, indicating the robustness of HEs to CB content variation. Understanding the interaction between CB and HEs during the manufacturing process and the impact of CB on the structural integrity and compatibility of the HE system, aids the integration of HEs with existing electrode materials in practical battery configurations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2025
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363845 (URN)10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128341 (DOI)001464168300001 ()2-s2.0-105001737055 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250528

Available from: 2025-05-28 Created: 2025-05-28 Last updated: 2025-05-28Bibliographically approved
Truncali, A., Laxminarayan, T., Rajagopalan, N., Weinell, C. E., Kiil, S. & Johansson, M. (2024). Epoxidized technical Kraft lignin as a particulate resin component for high-performance anticorrosive coatings. JCT Research, 21(6), 1875-1891
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Epoxidized technical Kraft lignin as a particulate resin component for high-performance anticorrosive coatings
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2024 (English)In: JCT Research, ISSN 1547-0091, E-ISSN 2168-8028, Vol. 21, no 6, p. 1875-1891Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Deterioration of steel infrastructures is oftencaused by corrosive substances. In harsh conditions, theprotection against corrosion is provided by high-performancecoatings. The major challenge in this field is tofind replacements for the fossil-based resins constitutinganticorrosive coatings, due to increasing needs tosynthesize new environmentally friendly materials. Inthis study, softwood Kraft lignin was epoxidized with theaim of obtaining a renewable resin for anticorrosivecoatings. The reaction resulted in the formation ofheterogeneous, solid, coarse agglomerates. Therefore,the synthetized lignin particles were mechanicallyground and sieved to break up the agglomerates andobtain a fine powder. To reduce the use of fossil fuelbasedepoxy novolac resins in commercial anticorrosivecoatings, a series of formulations were prepared andcured on steel panels varying the content of epoxidizedlignin resin. Epoxidized lignin-based coatings used inconjunction with conventional epoxy novolac resindemonstrated improved performance in terms of corrosionprotection and adhesion properties, as measuredby salt spray exposure and pull-off adhesion test,respectively. In addition, the importance of size fractionationfor the homogeneity of the final coatingformulations was highlighted. The findings from thisstudy suggest a promising route to develop highperforminglignin-based anticorrosive coatings.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
Keywords
Kraft lignin, Anticorrosive coatings, High-performance, Scalable process, Bio-based, Sustainable
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-353681 (URN)10.1007/s11998-023-00899-9 (DOI)001177343100001 ()2-s2.0-85186874410 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, WWSC 3.0: KAW 2021.0313KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Note

QC 20240923

Available from: 2024-09-20 Created: 2024-09-20 Last updated: 2025-02-04Bibliographically approved
Andersson, R., Emilsson, S., Hernández, G., Johansson, M. & Mindemark, J. (2024). Influence of Molecular Weight and End Groups on Ion Transport in Weakly and Strongly Coordinating Polymer Electrolytes. ChemElectroChem, 11(20)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of Molecular Weight and End Groups on Ion Transport in Weakly and Strongly Coordinating Polymer Electrolytes
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2024 (English)In: ChemElectroChem, E-ISSN 2196-0216, Vol. 11, no 20Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the development of polymer electrolytes, the understanding of the complex interplay of factors that affect ion transport is of importance. In this study, the strongly coordinating and flexible poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) is compared to the weakly coordinating and stiff poly (trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) as opposing model systems. The effect of molecular weight (Mn) and end group chemistry on the physical properties: glass transition temperature (Tg) and viscosity (η) and ion transport properties: transference number (T+), ion coordination strength and ionic conductivities were investigated. The cation transference number (T+) showed the opposite dependence on Mn for PEO and PTMC, decreasing at low Mn for PTMC and increasing for PEO. This was shown to be highly dependent on the ion coordination strength of the system regardless of whether the end group was OH or if the chains were end-capped. Although the coordination is mainly of the cations in the systems, the differences in T+ were due to differences in anion rather than cation conductivity, with a similar Li+ conductivity across the polymer series when accounting for the differences in segmental mobility.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2024
National Category
Chemical Sciences Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-354330 (URN)10.1002/celc.202400415 (DOI)001324464000001 ()2-s2.0-85205356468 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241003

Available from: 2024-10-03 Created: 2024-10-03 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Zenkert, D., Harnden, R., Asp, L. E., Lindbergh, G. & Johansson, M. (2024). Multifunctional carbon fibre composites using electrochemistry. Composites Part B: Engineering, 273, Article ID 111240.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multifunctional carbon fibre composites using electrochemistry
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2024 (English)In: Composites Part B: Engineering, ISSN 1359-8368, E-ISSN 1879-1069, Vol. 273, article id 111240Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Most products today have several functions, but these are achieved by integrating different monofunctional devices and/or materials in a system. Having several functions simultaneously in one single material has many potential advantages, such as a structural material that can also store energy, have self-sensing or self-healing capability or any other physical function. This would lead mass and resource savings, being more energy efficient and thus more sustainable. This paper presents a mini review on how carbon fibres can be used for integrating several functions simultaneously in a high-performance load carrying structural material using the electrical and electrochemical properties of carbon fibres. Through this carbon fibre composites can also store energy like a lithium-ion battery, be used as a strain sensor, have electrically controlled actuation and shape-morphing, and be used as an energy harvester.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Energy harvesting, Energy storage, Sensing, Shape-morphing, Structural
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343481 (URN)10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111240 (DOI)001181492200001 ()2-s2.0-85183991466 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240404

Available from: 2024-02-15 Created: 2024-02-15 Last updated: 2024-04-04Bibliographically approved
Pezzana, L., Malmström, E., Johansson, M., Casalegno, V. & Sangermano, M. (2024). Multiple approaches to exploit ferulic acid bio-based epoxy monomer for green thermoset. Industrial crops and products (Print), 212, Article ID 118304.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multiple approaches to exploit ferulic acid bio-based epoxy monomer for green thermoset
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2024 (English)In: Industrial crops and products (Print), ISSN 0926-6690, E-ISSN 1872-633X, Vol. 212, article id 118304Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Bio-based monomers are under investigation to replace fossil-based materials due to the concerns regarding climate change and depletion of fossil raw materials. Lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose represent the main interesting platform to use for developing new monomers due to their significant abundance. Ferulic acid is one of the moieties derived from lignin which can be suitable for many applications. In this study, the ferulic acid was epoxidated and it was investigated in cationic UV-curing. Due to the limited performance obtained during UV-curing, two alternative strategies were developed to overcome the initial problem of poor material properties. A thiol-ene epoxy system based on the ferulic epoxy derivative and a commercially available thiol as well as a thermally cured system based on pure cationic curing of ferulic acid diepoxy were chosen as alternative methods. The different curing processes were thoroughly investigated by means of FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and photo-DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The thermo-mechanical properties of the thermosets employing DMA- (dynamic mechanical analysis) and tensile analysis were deeply evaluated. Finally, the possibility to use the best cured system as an adhesive was raised investigating the shear strength of metallic and composite joined samples using the single lap offset (SLO) test under compression.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Bio-based monomer, Cationic, Ferulic acid, Thiol-ene, Thiol-epoxy, UV-curing
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344332 (URN)10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118304 (DOI)001203996600001 ()2-s2.0-85186542051 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240503

Available from: 2024-03-13 Created: 2024-03-13 Last updated: 2024-05-03Bibliographically approved
Pezzana, L., Emanuele, A., Sesana, R., Delprete, C., Malmström, E., Johansson, M. & Sangermano, M. (2023). Cationic UV-curing of isosorbide-based epoxy coating reinforced with macadamia nut shell powder. Progress in organic coatings, 185, Article ID 107949.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cationic UV-curing of isosorbide-based epoxy coating reinforced with macadamia nut shell powder
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2023 (English)In: Progress in organic coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, E-ISSN 1873-331X, Vol. 185, article id 107949Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The scientific community is deeply investigating bio-based derivatives to reduce the consumption of fossil-based material and lessen the environmental impact. The development of bio-based plastic is one of the main challenges that needs to be overcome to achieve the goal of sustainability and green economy. In this view, we exploit the use of a bio-based monomer, isosorbide, for the production of bio-based resins which can be used in coating applications. The isosorbide was functionalized in a two-step reaction to introduce epoxy groups that subsequently were activated via UV radiation to trigger cross-linking to obtain dry films. The curing process was followed by means of real time analyses such as FT-IR, photo-DSC and photorheology. The bio-based resin showed the feasibility to be used in UV-cationic curing reaching conversion above 85 %. Furthermore, a bio-based filler from macadamia nutshell was selected as an additive to the formulation with the aim of increasing the surface hardness of the final coating. A significant increase in hardness was observed for coatings containing 30 wt% of macadamia nut shell powder (MAC). In this case, the hardness reached 72 Shore D, whereas the pristine bio-based epoxy resin achieved only 19 Shore D. Thermo-mechanical analysis of the final properties was carried out by means of DMTA, DSC and tensile test. Interestingly, the addition of MAC resulted in a noticeable increase of the Tg, from 24 °C for the pristine resin to 39 °C for the coating with 20 wt% of filler. Lastly, a morphology assessment was performed to investigate the size and shape of the filler and the interaction between the polymer matrix and the filler.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Bio-based, Coating, Epoxy, Hardness, Isosorbide, macadamia nutshell, UV-curing
National Category
Polymer Technologies Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337780 (URN)10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107949 (DOI)2-s2.0-85170421219 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20231009

Available from: 2023-10-09 Created: 2023-10-09 Last updated: 2023-10-09Bibliographically approved
Laxminarayan, T., Truncali, A., Rajagopalan, N., Weinell, C. E., Johansson, M. & Kiil, S. (2023). Chemically-resistant epoxy novolac coatings: Effects of size-fractionated technical Kraft lignin particles as a structure-reinforcing component. Progress in organic coatings, 183, Article ID 107793.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Chemically-resistant epoxy novolac coatings: Effects of size-fractionated technical Kraft lignin particles as a structure-reinforcing component
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2023 (English)In: Progress in organic coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, E-ISSN 1873-331X, Vol. 183, article id 107793Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To provide protection against corrosion in harsh environments, high performance anticorrosive coatings are applied on steel structures at all scales. However, to also limit the use of fossil-based ingredients, there is a growing demand to incorporate renewable raw materials in the coating formulations. In this study, to replace pigments and fillers of an epoxy novolac coating, technical Kraft lignin particles were ground and size fractionated (i.e., sieved), and used for formulation work. The effects of sieved and unsieved Kraft lignin, as structure-reinforcing components, on the anticorrosive and mechanical performance of epoxy coatings were subsequently investigated using the following methods: size exclusion chromatography (SEC), phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), salt spray exposure, pull-off, König pendulum hardness, and chemical resistance tests. Compared to the unsieved-lignin reference (U-L EN), the coating based on lignin fines (S-L EN) showed about 31 % lower rust creep after 70 days of salt spray exposure. However, no surface defects or chemical degradation were observed for any of the coatings. For the S-L EN coating, excellent adhesion strength (23 MPa) and impact resistance (0.49 N), relative to reference values of 17 and 13 MPa and 0.41 and 0.07 N for commercial and lignin-based diglycidyl ether bisphenol F (L-DGEBF) coatings, respectively, were measured. The addition of lignin particles did not influence the chemical resistance, the hardness, and the glass transition temperature of the epoxy novolac coatings. In summary, chemically unmodified Kraft lignin particles, after grinding and sieving, can be incorporated in epoxy novolac coatings (up to 25 vol%), thereby providing a bio-based alternative to pigments and fillers in heavy duty coatings (primers in particular). 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Anticorrosive coatings, Bio-based, Sustainable, High performance, Organic polymers
National Category
Materials Engineering Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-332093 (URN)10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107793 (DOI)001044190800001 ()2-s2.0-85165192498 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230719

Available from: 2023-07-19 Created: 2023-07-19 Last updated: 2024-09-23Bibliographically approved
Johansson, M., Yari, H., Ramezanzadeh, B., Ranjabr, Z. & Jannesari, A. (2023). Editorial for the special issue on ICCC2021- surface coating and corrosion symposium. Progress in organic coatings, 175, Article ID 107321.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Editorial for the special issue on ICCC2021- surface coating and corrosion symposium
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2023 (English)In: Progress in organic coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, E-ISSN 1873-331X, Vol. 175, article id 107321Article in journal, Editorial material (Other academic) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
National Category
Polymer Technologies Polymer Technologies Polymer Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-329091 (URN)10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107321 (DOI)000895949500004 ()2-s2.0-85143718132 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230615

Available from: 2023-06-15 Created: 2023-06-15 Last updated: 2023-06-15Bibliographically approved
Ribca, I., Sochor, B., Roth, S. V., Lawoko, M., Meier, M. A. .. & Johansson, M. (2023). Effect of Molecular Organization on the Properties of Fractionated Lignin-Based Thiol-Ene Thermoset Materials. ACS Omega, 8(28), 25478-25486
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of Molecular Organization on the Properties of Fractionated Lignin-Based Thiol-Ene Thermoset Materials
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2023 (English)In: ACS Omega, E-ISSN 2470-1343, Vol. 8, no 28, p. 25478-25486Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, the combination of sequential solvent fractionation of technical Kraft lignin was followed by allylation of most OH functionalities to give highly functional thermoset resins. All lignin fractions were highly functionalized on the phenolic (≥95%) and carboxylic acid OH (≥85%) and to a significant extent on the aliphatic OH moieties (between 43 and 75%). The resins were subsequently cross-linked using thiol-ene chemistry. The high amount of allyl functionalities resulted in a high cross-link density. Dynamic mechanical analysis measurements showed that the thioether content, directly related to the allyl content, strongly affects the performance of these thermosets with a glass transition temperature (Tg) between 81 and 95 °C and with a storage modulus between 1.9 and 3.8 GPa for all thermosets. The lignin fractions and lignin-based thermosets’ morphology, at the nanoscale, was studied by wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Two π-π stacking interactions were observed: sandwich (≈4.1-4.7 Å) and T-shaped (≈5.5-7.2 Å). The introduction of allyl functionalities weakens the T-shaped π-π stacking interactions. A new signal corresponding to a distance of ≈3.5 Å was observed in lignin-based thermosets, which was attributed to a thioether organized structure. At the same time, a lignin superstructure was observed with a distance/size corresponding to 7.9-17.5 Å in all samples.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2023
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-349575 (URN)10.1021/acsomega.3c03022 (DOI)001021456700001 ()2-s2.0-85164912868 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240702

Available from: 2024-07-02 Created: 2024-07-02 Last updated: 2024-07-02Bibliographically approved
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Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-3201-5138

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