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Liang, C. & Törngren, M. (2025). Letter from the Guest Editors [Letter to the editor]. SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles, 8(2), Article ID 0011.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Letter from the Guest Editors
2025 (English)In: SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles, ISSN 2574-0741, Vol. 8, no 2, article id 0011Article in journal, Letter (Other academic) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAE International, 2025
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-364392 (URN)10.4271/12-08-02-0011 (DOI)2-s2.0-105007324040 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250612

Available from: 2025-06-12 Created: 2025-06-12 Last updated: 2025-06-12Bibliographically approved
Tan, K., Niu, X., Ji, Q., Feng, L. & Törngren, M. (2025). Optimal gait design for a soft quadruped robot via multi-fidelity Bayesian optimization. Applied Soft Computing, 169, Article ID 112568.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimal gait design for a soft quadruped robot via multi-fidelity Bayesian optimization
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2025 (English)In: Applied Soft Computing, ISSN 1568-4946, E-ISSN 1872-9681, Vol. 169, article id 112568Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study focuses on the locomotion capability improvement in a tendon-driven soft quadruped robot through an online adaptive learning approach. Leveraging the inverse kinematics model of the soft quadruped robot, we employ a central pattern generator to design a parametric gait pattern, and use Bayesian optimization (BO) to find the optimal parameters. Further, to address the challenges of modeling discrepancies, we implement a multi-fidelity BO approach, combining data from both simulation and physical experiments throughout training and optimization. This strategy enables the adaptive refinement of the gait pattern and ensures a smooth transition from simulation to real-world deployment for the controller. Compared to previous result using a fixed gait pattern, the multi-fidelity BO approach improves the robot’s average walking speed from 0.14 m/s to 0.214 m/s, an increase of 52.7%. Moreover, we integrate a computational task off-loading architecture by edge computing, which reduces the onboard computational and memory overhead, to improve real-time control performance and facilitate an effective online learning process. The proposed approach successfully achieves optimal walking gait design for physical deployment with high efficiency, effectively addressing challenges related to the reality gap in soft robotics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2025
Keywords
soft quadruped robot; Reality gap; Multi-fidelity Bayesian optimization; Edge computing
National Category
Robotics and automation Control Engineering Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Applied and Computational Mathematics, Optimization and Systems Theory; Information and Communication Technology; Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357777 (URN)10.1016/j.asoc.2024.112568 (DOI)001383577700001 ()2-s2.0-85211232861 (Scopus ID)
Projects
TECoSAKTH XPRES
Funder
Vinnova, TecosaXPRES - Initiative for excellence in production research
Note

QC 20250204

Available from: 2024-12-17 Created: 2024-12-17 Last updated: 2025-03-06Bibliographically approved
Gyllenhammar, M., de Campos, G. R. & Törngren, M. (2025). The Road to Safe Automated Driving Systems: A Review of Methods Providing Safety Evidence. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 26(4), 4315-4345
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Road to Safe Automated Driving Systems: A Review of Methods Providing Safety Evidence
2025 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ISSN 1524-9050, E-ISSN 1558-0016, Vol. 26, no 4, p. 4315-4345Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In recent years, enormous investments in Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) have distinctly advanced ADS technologies. Despite promises made by several high profile auto-makers, it has however become clear that the challenges involved for deploying ADS have been drastically underestimated. Contrary to previous generations of automotive systems, common design, development, verification and validation methods for safety critical systems do not suffice to cope with the increased complexity and operational uncertainties of an ADS. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of existing methods for providing safety evidence and, most importantly, identifying the associated challenges and gaps pertaining to the use of each method. To this end, we have performed a literature review, articulated around four categories of methods: design techniques, verification and validation methods, run-time risk assessment, and run-time (self-)adaptation. We have identified and present eight challenges, collectively distinguishing ADSs from safety critical systems in general, and discuss the reviewed methods in the light of these eight challenges. For all reviewed methods, the uncertainties of the operational environment and the allocation of responsibility for the driving task on the ADS stand-out as the most difficult challenges to address. Finally, a set of research gaps is identified, and grouped into five major themes: (i) completeness of provided safety evidence, (ii) improvements and analysis needs, (iii) safe collection of closed loop data and accounting for tactical responsibility on the part of the ADS, (iv) integration of AI/ML-based components, and (v) scalability of the approaches with respect to the complexity of the ADS.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
Keywords
Automated driving system, safety, safety assurance, safety evidence, research gaps
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359809 (URN)10.1109/tits.2025.3532684 (DOI)001411855700001 ()2-s2.0-105001563064 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationWallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP)Vinnova, 2020-02946Vinnova, TECoSA
Note

QC 20250214

Available from: 2025-02-12 Created: 2025-02-12 Last updated: 2025-04-09Bibliographically approved
Fornaro, G., Törngren, M. & Gaspar Sánchez, J. M. (2025). Toward a Methodology for Safety- Performance Trade-Off Analysis for Connected Automated Vehicles Supported by a Smart Infrastructure. SAE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES, 8(2), Article ID 1208020020.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Toward a Methodology for Safety- Performance Trade-Off Analysis for Connected Automated Vehicles Supported by a Smart Infrastructure
2025 (English)In: SAE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES, ISSN 2574-0741, Vol. 8, no 2, article id 1208020020Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introducing connectivity and collaboration promises to address some of the safety challenges for automated vehicles (AVs), especially in scenarios where occlusions and rule-violating road users pose safety risks and challenges in reconciling performance and safety. This requires establishing new collaborative systems with connected vehicles, off-board perception systems, and a communication network. However, adding connectivity and information sharing not only requires infrastructure investments but also an improved understanding of the design space, the involved trade-offs and new failure modes. We set out to improve the understanding of the relationships between the constituents of a collaborative system to investigate design parameters influencing safety properties and their performance trade-offs. To this end we propose a methodology comprising models, analysis methods, and a software tool for design space exploration regarding the potential for safety enhancements and requirements on off-board perception systems, the communication network, and AV tactical safety behavior. The methodology is instantiated as a concrete set of models and a tool, exercised through a case study involving intersection traffic conflicts. We show how the age of information and observation uncertainty affect the collaborative system design space and further discuss the generalization and other findings from both the methodology and case study development.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAE International, 2025
Keywords
Connected automated, vehicle, Safety, Methodology, Simulation, System, requirements
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362925 (URN)10.4271/12-08-02-0020 (DOI)001454062500002 ()
Note

QC 20250430

Available from: 2025-04-30 Created: 2025-04-30 Last updated: 2025-04-30Bibliographically approved
Gaspar Sánchez, J. M., Bruns, L., Tumova, J., Jensfelt, P. & Törngren, M. (2025). Transitional Grid Maps: Joint Modeling of Static and Dynamic Occupancy. IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 6, 1-10
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Transitional Grid Maps: Joint Modeling of Static and Dynamic Occupancy
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2025 (English)In: IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, E-ISSN 2687-7813, Vol. 6, p. 1-10Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Autonomous agents rely on sensor data to construct representations of their environments, essential for predicting future events and planning their actions. However, sensor measurements suffer from limited range, occlusions, and sensor noise. These challenges become more evident in highly dynamic environments. This work proposes a probabilistic framework to jointly infer which parts of an environment are statically and which parts are dynamically occupied. We formulate the problem as a Bayesian network and introduce minimal assumptions that significantly reduce the complexity of the problem. Based on those, we derive Transitional Grid Maps (TGMs), an efficient analytical solution. Using real data, we demonstrate how this approach produces better maps than the state-of-the-art by keeping track of both static and dynamic elements and, as a side effect, can help improve existing SLAM algorithms.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
National Category
Computer Sciences Computer graphics and computer vision
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359349 (URN)10.1109/ojits.2024.3521449 (DOI)2-s2.0-85210909052 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250130

Available from: 2025-01-30 Created: 2025-01-30 Last updated: 2025-05-27Bibliographically approved
Ramli, M. R., Asplund, F., Fornaro, G. & Törngren, M. (2024). Aligning Stakeholders Viewpoints in Realizing Trustworthy CPS: Architectural Framework as a Boundary Object. In: Adam Cooper, Federico Trigos, Josip Stjepandić, Richard Curran, Irina Lazar (Ed.), Engineering For Social Change: Proceedings of the 31st ISTE International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering, London, United Kingdom, 9-11 July 2024. Paper presented at 31st ISTE International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering, TE 2024, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, July 9-11, 2024 (pp. 289-298). Amsterdam: IOS Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aligning Stakeholders Viewpoints in Realizing Trustworthy CPS: Architectural Framework as a Boundary Object
2024 (English)In: Engineering For Social Change: Proceedings of the 31st ISTE International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering, London, United Kingdom, 9-11 July 2024 / [ed] Adam Cooper, Federico Trigos, Josip Stjepandić, Richard Curran, Irina Lazar, Amsterdam: IOS Press , 2024, p. 289-298Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This study provides an evaluation of an architecture framework intended to support stakeholders in realizing trustworthy cyber-physical systems (CPS), referred to as the T-Framework. The framework explicitly addresses CPS complexity, including the fact that multiple trustworthiness aspects will need to be considered for contemporary CPS, from classical dependability aspects to ethical concerns involving artificial intelligence. In addition, this study also investigates the problems that are repeatedly encountered by the stakeholders involved in realizing trustworthy CPS. To achieve the goals of the study, the boundary object and knowledge boundary concepts from social sciences were used. These concepts are useful tools to examine how various involved stakeholders can cooperate on a project through the utilization of objects, even though they have different perspectives and conflicting interests. Focus groups were used as the methodological approach to gather feedback from various experts in CPS from industry and academia. Findings show that stakeholders repeatedly encounter problems when making trade-offs between trustworthiness attributes and system aspects, dealing with prioritization, and making final decisions. The findings further show that the T-Framework can potentially guide stakeholders in addressing these problems as a boundary object. Furthermore, based on the feedback from the participants, several aspects for improvements or additional consideration in the T-Framework were identified, including clarifications regarding the framework workflow and terminology.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2024
Keywords
Boundary object, Trustworthy CPS, Architectural framework
National Category
Embedded Systems
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357222 (URN)10.3233/ATDE240872 (DOI)2-s2.0-85215530095 (Scopus ID)
Conference
31st ISTE International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering, TE 2024, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, July 9-11, 2024
Funder
Vinnova
Note

Part of ISBN 9781643685502

QC 20250203

Available from: 2024-12-05 Created: 2024-12-05 Last updated: 2025-03-17Bibliographically approved
Borrami, S., De Nova, J. S., Gallois, X., Melchert, J. & Törngren, M. (2024). Challenges and Limitations of Utilizing Multi-core/Heterogeneous Logic Elements in the Railway Signaling Applications. In: Ceccarelli, A Trapp, M Bondavalli, A Schoitsch, E Gallina, B Bitsch, F (Ed.), COMPUTER SAFETY, RELIABILITY, AND SECURITY. SAFECOMP 2024 WORKSHOPS: . Paper presented at 43rd International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security (SAFECOMP), SEP 17-20, 2024, Florence, ITALY (pp. 121-133). Springer Nature, 14989
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Challenges and Limitations of Utilizing Multi-core/Heterogeneous Logic Elements in the Railway Signaling Applications
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2024 (English)In: COMPUTER SAFETY, RELIABILITY, AND SECURITY. SAFECOMP 2024 WORKSHOPS / [ed] Ceccarelli, A Trapp, M Bondavalli, A Schoitsch, E Gallina, B Bitsch, F, Springer Nature , 2024, Vol. 14989, p. 121-133Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The state-of-the-art logic elements, like CPUs and FPGAs, are either trending towards higher core counts or heterogeneous architecture, driven primarily by the telecommunication and the automotive industry. The railway industry market, although relatively small, adopts logic elements from these leading sectors. However, there are significant challenges in adopting logic elements from other domains for the railway signaling systems which are expected to operate continuously for nearly thirty years ensuring the highest levels of safety. Furthermore, the intricacies involved in demonstrating safety prevent signaling applications from fully harnessing the capabilities of multi-core or heterogeneous architectures. Our paper focuses on the utilization constraints and challenges of using the latest logic elements in signaling applications conforming to EN 50129:2018. We analyze the use of such logic elements and architectural patterns to meet safety requirements cost-efficiently.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743
Keywords
Functional Safety, CENELEC EN50129, 2018, SIL 4, Railway Signaling
National Category
Embedded Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356048 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-68738-9_9 (DOI)001321529200009 ()2-s2.0-85204561405 (Scopus ID)
Conference
43rd International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security (SAFECOMP), SEP 17-20, 2024, Florence, ITALY
Note

QC 20241111

Part if ISBN 978-3-031-68737-2; 978-3-031-68738-9

Available from: 2024-11-11 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2024-11-11Bibliographically approved
Tan, K., Ji, Q., Feng, L. & Törngren, M. (2024). Edge-enabled Adaptive Shape Estimation of 3D Printed Soft Actuators with Gaussian Processes and Unscented Kalman Filters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 71(3), 3044-3054
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Edge-enabled Adaptive Shape Estimation of 3D Printed Soft Actuators with Gaussian Processes and Unscented Kalman Filters
2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, ISSN 0278-0046, E-ISSN 1557-9948, Vol. 71, no 3, p. 3044-3054Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Soft actuators have the advantages of compliance and adaptability when working with vulnerable objects, but the deformation shape of the soft actuators is difficult to measure or estimate. Soft sensors made of highly flexible and responsive materials are promising new approaches to the shape estimation of soft actuators, but suffer from highly nonlinear, hysteresis, and time-variant properties. A nonlinear and adaptive state observer is essential for the shape estimation from soft sensors. Current state estimation methods rely on complex nonlinear data-fitting models, and the robustness of the estimation methods is questionable. This study investigates the soft actuator dynamics and the soft sensor model as a stochastic process characterized by the Gaussian Process (GP) model. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is applied to the GP model for more reliable variance adjustment during the sequential state estimation process than conventional methods. In addition, a major limitation of the GP model is its computational complexity during online inference. To improve the real-time performance while guaranteeing accuracy, we introduce an edge server to decrease the onboard computational and memory overhead. The experiments showcase a significant improvement in estimation accuracy and real-time performance compared to baseline methods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Soft Sensors and Actuators; soft robotics; Gaussian process; Unscented Kalman filter
National Category
Control Engineering Signal Processing
Research subject
Applied and Computational Mathematics, Optimization and Systems Theory; Machine Design; Industrial Information and Control Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326512 (URN)10.1109/tie.2023.3270505 (DOI)001080899800082 ()2-s2.0-85159841244 (Scopus ID)
Projects
TECoSA
Funder
Vinnova, Tecosa
Note

QC 20230508

Available from: 2023-05-03 Created: 2023-05-03 Last updated: 2025-03-06Bibliographically approved
Fornaro, G., Törngren, M. & Gaspar Sánchez, J. M. (2024). Report: Towards a methodology for safety - performance trade-off analysis for Connected Automated Vehicles supported by a smart infrastructure. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Report: Towards a methodology for safety - performance trade-off analysis for Connected Automated Vehicles supported by a smart infrastructure
2024 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Introducing connectivity and collaboration promises to address some of the safety challenges facing automated vehicles. This is especially the case for scenarios that suffer from the so-called information gap, where occlusions and rule violating road users pose safety risks, and challenges in reconciling performance and safety. 

Establishing new collaborative systems, encompassing connected vehicles, off-board perception systems and a communication network, can help to overcome the information gap, thus contributing to enhance traffic safety and performance. However, adding connectivity and information sharing not only requires infrastructure investments but also an improved understanding of the design space, the involved trade-offs and new failure modes. 

We set out to improve the understanding of the relationships between the constituents of a collaborative system to investigate design parameters influencing safety properties and their performance trade-offs. To this end we propose a methodology comprising models, analysis methods and a software tool that enables to explore the design space, the potential for safety enhancements, the corresponding requirements on off-board perception systems and the communication network, and tactical safety behaviors of connected automated vehicles. The methodology is instantiated in terms of a concrete set of models and a tool, exercised through a case study involving intersection traffic conflicts.    

We show how the age of information and measurement uncertainty affect the collaborative system design space and further discuss the generalization and other findings from both the methodology and case study development. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 36
Series
TRITA-ITM-RP ; 2025:3
Keywords
Connected Automated Vehicle, Safety, Methodology, Simulation, System Requirements
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Risk and Safety
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359333 (URN)978-91-8106-019-5 (ISBN)
Note

QC 20250131

Available from: 2025-01-30 Created: 2025-01-30 Last updated: 2025-01-31Bibliographically approved
Nyberg, T., Gaspar Sánchez, J. M., Narri, V., Pettersson, H., Mårtensson, J., Johansson, K. H., . . . Tumova, J. (2024). Share the Unseen: Sequential Reasoning About Occlusions Using Vehicle-to-Everything Technology. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 1-14
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Share the Unseen: Sequential Reasoning About Occlusions Using Vehicle-to-Everything Technology
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2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, ISSN 1063-6536, E-ISSN 1558-0865, p. 1-14Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication holds significant promise for augmenting autonomous driving capabilities. Particularly in dense traffic with occluded areas, V2X can be used to share information about the respective observed areas between traffic participants. In turn, reducing uncertainty about unseen areas can lead to less conservative behaviors while maintaining collision avoidance.This paper aims to leverage V2X to improve situation awareness for trajectory planning. We particularly address two challenges: First, the ego vehicle may not always receive up-to-date information. Second, some areas may remain occluded despite receiving information from other participants.In this work, we fuse the received information about the detected free space. We use reachability analysis to compute areas that are guaranteed to be free despite being occluded. This way, we can maintain collision-avoidance guarantees. We demonstrate the benefits of our proposed method both in simulations and physical experiments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359348 (URN)10.1109/tcst.2024.3499832 (DOI)001367629700001 ()2-s2.0-85210927559 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 20250203

Available from: 2025-01-30 Created: 2025-01-30 Last updated: 2025-05-27Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-4300-885X

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