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Juthberg, R., Flodin, J., Aliaga, N., Guo, L., Rodriguez, S., Persson, N. K. & Ackermann, P. W. (2025). Electrically induced hemodynamic enhancement via sock-integrated electrodes is more comfortable and efficient at 1 hz as compared to 36 hz. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article ID 12944.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electrically induced hemodynamic enhancement via sock-integrated electrodes is more comfortable and efficient at 1 hz as compared to 36 hz
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2025 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 15, no 1, article id 12944Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study evaluated the hemodynamic effects, discomfort, and energy efficiency of low-intensity neuromuscular electrical stimulation (LI-NMES) of the calf delivered via sock-integrated transverse textile electrodes (TTE) at different frequencies and plateau times. Fifteen healthy participants underwent NMES stimulation through 3 × 3 cm TTE with ten combinations of frequency (1–36 Hz) and plateau times (0.5–7 s). NMES was increased until plantar flexion occurred, at which point ultrasound-measurements were made of popliteal peak venous velocity (PVV), time-averaged mean velocity (TAMV), average duration of blood flow pulse (ADBP) and ejection volume (EV). Discomfort (NRS, 0–10), current amplitude, and energy consumption were recorded. Median values were analyzed with significance set at p < 0.05. Both 1 Hz and 36 Hz C-LI-NMES significantly improved PVV and TAMV (p ≤ 0.008). EV increased significantly for plateau times of 1.5, 5.0, and 7.0 s (p < 0.05). Compared to 36 Hz, 1 Hz showed significantly lower discomfort (NRS: 0.4 vs. 1.6) and energy consumption (0.4 vs. 31.3 mJ, both p ≤ 0.01) but required higher current amplitude (33.2 vs. 23.3 mA, p < 0.01) to reach plantar flexion. The study concludes that both 1 Hz and 36 Hz frequency improve venous hemodynamics, but 1 Hz stimulation minimizes discomfort and energy use while maintaining effectiveness. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered with Clinical Trials, trial ID: NCT06082297.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2025
Keywords
Electric stimulation therapy, Hemodynamics, Motor point, NMES, Pain, Textile electrodes
National Category
Physiology and Anatomy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363109 (URN)10.1038/s41598-025-97431-3 (DOI)001468488100041 ()40234723 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105003308867 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250507

Available from: 2025-05-06 Created: 2025-05-06 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Fernández Schrunder, A., Huang, Y.-K., Rodriguez, S. & Rusu, A. (2024). A Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Interface for EIM Based on IF-Sampling and Pseudo 2-Path SC Bandpass ΔΣ ADC. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 18(5), 1001-1013
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Interface for EIM Based on IF-Sampling and Pseudo 2-Path SC Bandpass ΔΣ ADC
2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, ISSN 1932-4545, E-ISSN 1940-9990, Vol. 18, no 5, p. 1001-1013Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a low-noise bioimpedance (bio-Z) spectroscopy interface for electrical impedance myography (EIM) over the 1 kHz to 2 MHz frequency range. The proposed interface employs a sinusoidal signal generator based on direct-digital-synthesis (DDS) to improve the accuracy of the bio-Z reading, and a quadrature low-intermediate frequency (IF) readout to achieve a good noise-to-power efficiency and the required data throughput to detect muscle contractions. The readout is able to measure baseline and time-varying bio-Z by employing robust and power-efficient low-gain IAs and sixth-order single-bit bandpass (BP) ΔΣ ADCs. The proposed bio-Z spectroscopy interface is implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process, consumes 344.3 - 479.3 μ W, and occupies 5.4 mm 2 area. Measurement results show 0.7 mΩ/√Hz sensitivity at 15.625 kHz, 105.8 dB SNR within 4 Hz bandwidth, and a 146.5 dB figure-of-merit. Additionally, recording of EIM in time and frequency domain during contractions of the bicep brachii muscle demonstrates the potential of the proposed bio-Z interface for wearable EIM systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Bioimpedance spectroscopy, electrical impedance myography, analog front-end, sinusoidal signal generator, instrumentation amplifier, bandpass sigma-delta modulator, low-noise.
National Category
Medical Engineering Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering; Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345246 (URN)10.1109/tbcas.2024.3370399 (DOI)001322633800013 ()38408001 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85186995458 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ITM17-0079
Note

QC 20241029

Available from: 2024-04-10 Created: 2024-04-10 Last updated: 2024-10-29Bibliographically approved
Huang, Y.-K., Fernández Schrunder, A., Rusu, A. & Rodriguez, S. (2024). A Frequency-Division Multiplexed 16-Channel AFE for Wearable MC-sEMG Recording. In: 2024 31st IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, ICECS 2024: . Paper presented at IEEE International Conference on Electronics Circuits and Systems, Nancy, France, 18-20 November, 2024. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Frequency-Division Multiplexed 16-Channel AFE for Wearable MC-sEMG Recording
2024 (English)In: 2024 31st IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, ICECS 2024, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a 16-channel analog frontend (AFE) for wearable multi-channel surface electromyography recording. The proposed architecture adopts frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), enabling extensive sharing of signal conditioning circuitry and requiring only three cables for transmission to an external back-end for digital signal processing. Benefiting from the up-conversion process, the FDM signal exhibits robustness against cable motion artifacts and mains interference, allowing short-distance communication without compromising signal quality. This work achieves a channel-to-cable ratio of 16:3, dramatically reducing system complexity. Implemented in a 180 nm CMOS technology, the proposed 16-channel AFE occupies only 6.42 mm2 and consumes 40.1 µW per channel from a 1.5 V supply. Measurements on a forearm demonstrate the capability to simultaneously detect muscle activation from various muscle groups, showcasing its potential for gesture recognition applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-353679 (URN)10.1109/ICECS61496.2024.10848532 (DOI)001445799800002 ()2-s2.0-85217618858 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE International Conference on Electronics Circuits and Systems, Nancy, France, 18-20 November, 2024
Note

Part of ISBN 9798350377200

QC 20250219

Available from: 2024-09-20 Created: 2024-09-20 Last updated: 2025-04-30Bibliographically approved
Fernández Schrunder, A., Huang, Y.-K., Rodriguez, S. & Rusu, A. (2024). A Real-Time Muscle Fatigue Detection System Based on Multi-Frequency EIM and sEMG for Effective NMES. IEEE Sensors Journal, 24(14), 22553-22564
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Real-Time Muscle Fatigue Detection System Based on Multi-Frequency EIM and sEMG for Effective NMES
2024 (English)In: IEEE Sensors Journal, ISSN 1530-437X, E-ISSN 1558-1748, Vol. 24, no 14, p. 22553-22564Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a self-directed home based therapeutic tool in early rehabilitation for musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. However, the effectiveness of traditional NMES is fundamentally constrained by muscle fatigue. To address this limitation, this work proposes a detection system, which simultaneously records multifrequency electrical impedance myography (EIM) and surface electromyography(sEMG) in real time for time-frequency analysis of muscle activation, contraction, and fatigue. To demonstrate the ability to monitor these muscle physiological states, two experiments involving weightless and weighted dynamic contractions of the biceps brachii muscle were performed. Results from these experiments show synchronous changes in sEMG and EIM spectra during contractions, and clear trends in sEMG’s mean power frequency (MPF) and EIM spectra with fatigue progression. Additionally, the configurable 4-channel NMES has been electrically evaluated for clinical use, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed system for closed-loop stimulation. This work showcases the potential of sEMG and multi-frequency EIM to enhance the effectiveness of NMES for MSK conditions by capturing the behavior of distinct mechanisms of muscle fatigue.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Multi-modal sensing, muscle fatigue, ASIC, bioimpedance (bio-Z) spectroscopy, electrical impedance myography (EIM), surface electromyography (sEMG), closed-loop neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).
National Category
Embedded Systems Medical Laboratory Technologies
Research subject
Electrical Engineering; Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-348831 (URN)10.1109/jsen.2024.3409821 (DOI)001273156700098 ()2-s2.0-85196109216 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ITM17-0079
Note

QC 20241011

Available from: 2024-06-27 Created: 2024-06-27 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
Huang, Y.-K. & Rodriguez, S. (2024). Noise Analysis and Design Methodology of Chopper Amplifiers With Analog DC-Servo Loop for Biopotential Acquisition Applications. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (vlsi) Systems, 32(1), 55-67
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Noise Analysis and Design Methodology of Chopper Amplifiers With Analog DC-Servo Loop for Biopotential Acquisition Applications
2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (vlsi) Systems, ISSN 1063-8210, E-ISSN 1557-9999, Vol. 32, no 1, p. 55-67Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Biopotential acquisition chopper instrumentation amplifiers require a dc-servo loop (DSL) in order to filter electrode dc offsets. However, the noise performance degradation due to the addition of the DSL is often overlooked despite that it can be very detrimental at the frequencies of interest. This article presents an in-depth noise analysis of biopotential acquisition chopper instrumentation amplifiers with analog DSLs. Analytical expressions that predict the noise of different DSL implementations are found and a design flow to minimize their noise contribution is proposed. The design methodology is demonstrated with example circuits targeting biopotential recording systems. These circuits are implemented using a standard 180 nm CMOS technology, and their performance is verified through postlayout simulations. The findings of this work provide a comprehensive understanding of the noise characteristics of a DSL, its impact on noise performance, and design strategies for noise optimization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339178 (URN)10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3315417 (DOI)001085421000001 ()2-s2.0-85174847996 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ITM17-0079Region Stockholm, 979040
Note

QC 20231106

Available from: 2023-11-03 Created: 2023-11-03 Last updated: 2025-03-31Bibliographically approved
Ollmar, S., Fernández Schrunder, A., Birgersson, U., Kristoffersson, T., Rusu, A., Thorsson, E., . . . Rodriguez, S. (2023). A battery-less implantable glucose sensor based on electrical impedance spectroscopy. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article ID 18122.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A battery-less implantable glucose sensor based on electrical impedance spectroscopy
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2023 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 13, no 1, article id 18122Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The ability to perform accurate continuous glucose monitoring without blood sampling has revolutionised the management of diabetes. Newer methods that can allow measurements during longer periods are necessary to substantially improve patients’ quality of life. This paper presents an alternative method for glucose monitoring which is based on electrical impedance spectroscopy. A battery-less implantable bioimpedance spectroscope was designed, built, and used in an in vivo study on pigs. After a recovery period of 14 days post surgery, a total of 236 subcutaneous bioimpedance measurements obtained from intravenous glucose tolerance tests, with glucose concentration ranges between 77.4 and 523.8 mg/dL, were analyzed. The results show that glucose concentrations estimated by subcutaneous bioimpedance measurements correlate very well to the blood glucose reference values. The pigs were clinically healthy throughout the study, and the postmortem examinations revealed no signs of adverse effects related to the sensor. The implantation of the sensor requires minor surgery. The implant, being externally powered, could in principle last indefinitely. These encouraging results demonstrate the potential of the bioimpedance method to be used in future continuous glucose monitoring systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
National Category
Medical Instrumentation
Research subject
Technology and Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338925 (URN)10.1038/s41598-023-45154-8 (DOI)001087271600078 ()37872272 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85174690457 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ITM17-0079
Note

This work was partially funded by D.T.R.  Dermal Therapy Research Inc of Canada and the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) under project number ITM17-0079. 

QC 20240102

Available from: 2023-10-30 Created: 2023-10-30 Last updated: 2025-02-10
Huang, Y.-K., Rusu, A. & Rodriguez, S. (2023). A Current Monitoring and Over-Current Detection Circuit for Safe Electrical Stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems - II - Express Briefs, 70(5), 1684-1688
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Current Monitoring and Over-Current Detection Circuit for Safe Electrical Stimulation
2023 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems - II - Express Briefs, ISSN 1549-7747, E-ISSN 1558-3791, Vol. 70, no 5, p. 1684-1688Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This brief presents an integrated solution to over-current protection in neuromuscular stimulators. The proposed approach provides fast detection of a single-fault condition, i.e., unintentional electrode short circuit or malfunction of the stimulator, thereby preventing prolonged high-intensity currents from flowing into tissues. In addition, a programmable current threshold enables the system to be also used for monitoring the stimulation intensity. The proposed solution was designed in a 180 nm high-voltage CMOS technology, and its functionality was verified by post-layout simulations in which the safety mechanisms were tested under fault conditions. The implementation only occupies an area of 0.286 mm2, making it feasible to be embedded in fully integrated NMES stimulators while providing the required patient safety.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023
Keywords
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, current monitoring, over-current detection, safe electrical stimulation, HV CMOS process
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-327012 (URN)10.1109/tcsii.2023.3252804 (DOI)000988497300004 ()2-s2.0-85149865731 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ITM17-0079
Note

QC 20230630

Available from: 2023-05-16 Created: 2023-05-16 Last updated: 2024-09-24Bibliographically approved
Huang, Y.-K. & Rodriguez, S. (2023). An Inductorless 40.5V High-Voltage Generator for Integrated Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulators. In: Proceedings 2023 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS): . Paper presented at 2023 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Oct 19-21 2023, Toronto, Canada. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Inductorless 40.5V High-Voltage Generator for Integrated Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulators
2023 (English)In: Proceedings 2023 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) requires voltages exceeding several tens of volts which are typically obtained by using DC-DC boost converters. However, these converters incorporate a large external inductor, which hinders integration and severely restricts the minimum size of the stimulator. This paper presents a charge pump (CP) high-voltage generator particularly designed for NMES applications. The proposed hybrid CP comprises a low-voltage latched CP followed by a high-voltage Dickson CP with boosted pumping clocks. This architecture generates an output voltage of 40.5 V from a 3.3 V supply, enabling the delivery of up to 30 mA stimulation pulses at a maximum frequency of 50 Hz. The circuit is designed in a 180 nm HV CMOS process and occupies a silicon area of 2.7 mm 2 . By eliminating the inductor and requiring only one external storage capacitor, this design has the potential of being used in compact stimulators for wearable medical applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023
Keywords
high-voltage generator, charge pump, step-up DC-DC converter, neuromuscular electrical stimulator, switched capacitor voltage converter, HV CMOS process
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-342434 (URN)10.1109/BioCAS58349.2023.10389156 (DOI)2-s2.0-85184874143 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2023 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Oct 19-21 2023, Toronto, Canada
Funder
Region Stockholm, HMT FoUI-979040
Note

Part of proceedings ISBN 979-8-3503-0026-0

QC 20240119

Available from: 2024-01-19 Created: 2024-01-19 Last updated: 2024-09-24Bibliographically approved
Juthberg, R., Flodin, J., Guo, L., Rodriguez, S., Persson, N. K. & Ackermann, P. W. (2023). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in garments optimized for compliance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 123(8), 1739-1748
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in garments optimized for compliance
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2023 (English)In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 123, no 8, p. 1739-1748Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Physical inactivity is associated with muscle atrophy and venous thromboembolism, which may be prevented by neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). This study aimed to investigate the effect on discomfort, current amplitude and energy consumption when varying the frequency and phase duration of low-intensity NMES (LI-NMES) via a sock with knitting-integrated transverse textile electrodes (TTE). Methods: On eleven healthy participants (four females), calf-NMES via a TTE sock was applied with increasing intensity (mA) until ankle-plantar flexion at which point outcomes were compared when testing frequencies 1, 3, 10 and 36 Hz and phase durations 75, 150, 200, 300 and 400 µs. Discomfort was assessed with a numerical rating scale (NRS, 0–10) and energy consumption was calculated and expressed in milli-Joule (mJ). Significance set to p ≤ 0.05. Results: 1 Hz yielded a median (inter-quartile range) NRS of 2.4 (1.0–3.4), significantly lower than both 3 Hz with NRS 2.8 (1.8–4.2), and 10 Hz with NRS 3.4 (1.4–5.4) (both p ≤.014). Each increase in tested frequency resulted in significantly higher energy consumption, e.g. 0.6 mJ (0.5–0.8) for 1 Hz vs 14.9 mJ (12.3–21.2) for 36 Hz (p =.003). Longer phase durations had no significant effect on discomfort despite generally requiring significantly lower current amplitudes. Phase durations 150, 200 and 400 µs required significantly lower energy consumption compared to 75 µs (all p ≤.037). Conclusion: LI-NMES applied via a TTE sock produces a relevant plantar flexion of the ankle with the best comfort and lowest energy consumption using 1 Hz and phase durations 150, 200 or 400 µs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
Keywords
Electric stimulation therapy, Pain, Patient comfort, Patient compliance
National Category
Physiology and Anatomy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-333870 (URN)10.1007/s00421-023-05181-9 (DOI)000982817500001 ()37010623 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85165608495 (Scopus ID)
Note

Correction in DOI 10.1007/s00421-023-05211-6

QC 20230815

Available from: 2023-08-15 Created: 2023-08-15 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
Fernández Schrunder, A., Rodriguez, S. & Rusu, A. (2022). A Finite Element Analysis and Circuit Modelling Methodology for Studying Electrical Impedance Myography of Human Limbs. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 69(1), 244-255
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Finite Element Analysis and Circuit Modelling Methodology for Studying Electrical Impedance Myography of Human Limbs
2022 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, ISSN 0018-9294, E-ISSN 1558-2531, Vol. 69, no 1, p. 244-255Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: Electrical impedance myography (EIM) measures bioimpedance over muscles. This paper proposes a circuit-based modelling methodology originated from finite element analysis (FEA), to emulate tissues and effects from anthropometric variations, and electrode placements, on EIM measurements. The proposed methodology is demonstrated on the upper arms and lower legs. Methods: FEA evaluates impedance spectra (Z-parameters), sensitivity, and volume impedance density for variations of subcutaneous fat thickness (tf), muscle thickness (tm), and inter-electrode distance (IED), on limb models over 1Hz-1MHz frequency range. The limbs models are based on simplified anatomical data and dielectric properties from published sources. Contributions of tissues to the total impedance are computed from impedance sensitivity and density. FEA Z-parameters are imported into a circuit design environment, and used to develop a three Cole dispersion circuit-based model. FEA and circuit model simulation results are compared with measurements on ten human subjects. Results: Muscle contributions are maximized at 31.25kHz and 62.5kHz for the upper arm and lower leg, respectively, at 4cm IED. The circuit model emulates variations in tf and tm, and simulates up to 89 times faster than FEA. The circuit model matches subjects measurements with RMS errors < 36.43 and < 17.28, while FEA does with < 36.59 and < 4.36. Conclusions: We demonstrate that FEA is able to estimate the optimal frequencies and electrode placements, and circuit-based modelling can accurately emulate the limbs bioimpedance. Significance: The proposed methodology facilitates studying the impact of biophysical principles on EIM, enabling the development of future EIM acquisition systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2022
Keywords
Bioimpedance, Muscle, Electrical Impedance Myography, Finite Element Analysis, Circuit Simulation, Muscles, Electrodes, Integrated circuit modeling, Impedance, Biological system modeling, Dielectrics, Biomedical measurement
National Category
Engineering and Technology Medical and Health Sciences
Research subject
Electrical Engineering; Medical Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300157 (URN)10.1109/TBME.2021.3091884 (DOI)000733943200029 ()34161236 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85112454304 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Implantable Bioimpedance
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ITM17-0079
Note

QC 20230125

Available from: 2021-08-26 Created: 2021-08-26 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-0565-9907

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