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Lundborg, S. (2025). The Alpha, the Omega, and Everything in Between: Managing Expectations in Swedish Higher Education. (Doctoral dissertation). Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Alpha, the Omega, and Everything in Between: Managing Expectations in Swedish Higher Education
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this thesis is to determine how the combination of expectations on higher education institutions affects their capacity to stake out their own strategic positions. This purpose is established in relation to an ongoing transformation of the conditions of higher education and research through a global development often called the rise of the knowledge society, positioning universities as increasingly important instruments for societal development through their dominion over academic knowledge generation and proliferation. With this growing importance, an increasingly wide variety of expectations from an increasingly wide variety of stakeholders has followed, stemming from within and outside the confines of the university and blurring the lines between the university and its surrounding environment. Taking its point of departure from the multitude of expectations laid upon higher education institutions, the overarching research question of this thesis is as follows: How can a higher education institution consolidate disparate expectations into cohesive positioning?

The thesis approaches this question from four different and complementary angles, guided by an overarching resource dependence perspective that places the spotlight on the management and negotiation of internal and external pressures that provide inputs to the positioning process. This overarching perspective is complemented by insights from theories of organised hypocrisy, the principal–agent problem, crisis management, academic freedom and organisational hybridity. Together, they provide a varied yet consistent image of how uncertainties are managed, and balances are negotiated in the processing of myriad expectations. The empirical focus of the thesis is on Swedish higher education, studied through in-depth interviews exploring internal decision-making processes, survey data generating overviews of systemic patterns, and publicly accessible opinion papers highlighting the interfaces between universities as organisations and their stakeholders.

The results of the thesis show that the internal balancing of expectations systematically reinforces the status quo while changing conditions are met by adaptation, resulting from an internalisation of external pressures through the management of uncertainties. The balance does not move unless necessary, and when necessary, it moves only as much as it must. Thus, higher education institutions respond readily to changing conditions to maintain continued operation but are subject to severe constraints in their capability to actively shape their own strategic positions.

The responsiveness of higher education institutions to pressures means that the way they function becomes fundamentally contextual. Cultural conditions, physical realities and mechanisms of governance matter, because they act as determinants of the way the balancing of expectations moves. Paradoxically, this may make higher education institutions — nominally the most unmanageable of organisations — easier to influence than most, but perhaps not with easily foreseeable results. 

Abstract [sv]

Syftet med denna avhandling är att avgöra hur kombinationen av förväntningar på lärosäten påverkar deras förmåga att utveckla egna strategiska positioner. Detta syfte etableras mot bakgrund av en pågående global förändring av förutsättningarna för högre utbildning och forskning som ofta beskrivs i termer av kunskapssamhällets framväxt. Denna utveckling placerar lärosätena som allt viktigare instrument för samhällsutveckling via deras kontroll över skapande och spridning av akademisk kunskap. Med denna växande betydelse följer också en allt större variation av förväntningar från en allt större variation av intressenter, som härstammar från såväl inom som utanför lärosätets väggar, och suddar ut själva gränserna mellan universitetet och dess omgivning. Med utgångspunkt i mångfalden av förväntningar som riktas mot lärosätena formuleras en övergripande forskningsfråga för avhandlingen enligt följande: Hur kan ett lärosäte konsolidera disparata förväntningar till en sammanhållen positionering?

Avhandlingen angriper denna fråga från fyra olika och kompletterande håll, vägledda av ett övergripande resursberoendeperspektiv som sätter fokus på hur interna och externa tryck hanteras och förhandlas i positioneringsprocessen. Detta övergripande perspektiv kompletteras av insikter från teorier rörande organiserat hyckleri, huvudman-agentproblemet, krishantering, akademisk frihet och organisatorisk hybriditet. Tillsammans tillhandahåller dessa perspektiv en varierad men konsekvent bild av hur osäkerheter behandlas, och balanser förhandlas, vid hanteringen av mångfalden av förväntningar. Det empiriska fokuset ligger på den svenska högskolesektorn, som studeras via djuplodande intervjuer som utforskar interna beslutsprocesser, enkätdata som ger en överblick över systematiska mönster, samt offentligt tillgängliga åsiktsdokument som belyser gränssnitten mellan universitet som organisationer och deras intressenter.

Avhandlingens resultat visar att den interna balanseringen av förväntningar systematiskt förstärker status quo, medan förändrade förutsättningar hanteras genom anpassning – orsakat av en internalisering av externa tryck via processer för hantering av osäkerheter. Balansen rubbas inte om det inte är nödvändigt, och när den rubbas sker det endast i den utsträckning som det krävs. Lärosätena är därmed tydligt responsiva gentemot förändrade förutsättningar i syfte att upprätthålla fortsatt verksamhet, men är föremål för starka begränsningar av deras förmåga att aktivt forma sina egna strategiska positioner.

Lärosätenas responsivitet gentemot olika typer av tryck innebär att deras funktionssätt i grunden blir kontextuellt betonat – kulturella förhållanden, fysiska realiteter och styrningsmekanismer spelar roll eftersom de avgör i vilken riktning balanseringen av förväntningar rör sig. Paradoxalt nog kan detta göra lärosäten — nominellt bland de mer svårstyrda organisationerna — lättare att påverka än många andra organisationer, men inte nödvändigtvis med enkelt förutsägbara resultat.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 91
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2024:26
Keywords
Higher education, University governance, Resource dependence theory, Högre utbildning, högskolestyrning, resursberoendeteori
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358300 (URN)978-91-8106-172-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-01-31, Kollegiesalen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/s/64827473203, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-09 Created: 2025-01-08 Last updated: 2025-01-29Bibliographically approved
Lundborg, S. & Geschwind, L. (2023). Matrix hybridity: The complex realities of strategic councils. In: Leišytė, Liudvika. Dee, Jay R. & van der Meulen, Barend. (Ed.), Research Handbook on the Transformation of Higher Education: (pp. 382-397). Edward Elgar Publishing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Matrix hybridity: The complex realities of strategic councils
2023 (English)In: Research Handbook on the Transformation of Higher Education / [ed] Leišytė, Liudvika. Dee, Jay R. & van der Meulen, Barend., Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023, p. 382-397Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023
National Category
Educational Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334913 (URN)2-s2.0-85168299961 (Scopus ID)
Note

Part of ISBN 9781800378216 9781800378209

QC 20230831

Available from: 2023-08-31 Created: 2023-08-31 Last updated: 2025-01-08Bibliographically approved
Lundborg, S. & Geschwind, L. (2021). The interplay of higher education, research and innovation in Sweden. In: Aarrevaara, T., Finkelstein, M.J., Jones, G.A., Jung, J. (Ed.), Universities in the Knowledge Society.: The Nexus of National Systems of Innovation and Higher Education. Cham: Springer Publishing Company
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The interplay of higher education, research and innovation in Sweden
2021 (English)In: Universities in the Knowledge Society.: The Nexus of National Systems of Innovation and Higher Education / [ed] Aarrevaara, T., Finkelstein, M.J., Jones, G.A., Jung, J., Cham: Springer Publishing Company, 2021Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cham: Springer Publishing Company, 2021
Series
The Changing Academy – The Changing Academic Profession in International Comparative Perspective, ISSN 2214-5346 ; 22
National Category
Pedagogy
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299657 (URN)
Note

ISBN Complete book: 978-3-030-76578-1, QC 20210901

Available from: 2021-08-13 Created: 2021-08-13 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
Lundborg, S. & Geschwind, L. (2021). When Push Comes to Shove: Strategic Positioning and Pandemic Responses at Swedish Higher Education Institutions During 2020 - 2021. In: : . Paper presented at XIX Nordic Political Science (NoPSA) Congress, University of Iceland, August 10-13, 2021.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>When Push Comes to Shove: Strategic Positioning and Pandemic Responses at Swedish Higher Education Institutions During 2020 - 2021
2021 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Universities are intimately intertwined with their environments. They are subjects of a wide variety of expectations from external parties, and rely on meeting these expectations to maintain funding, trust and access to valuable infrastructure and information. Research has shown that universities are highly reactive to these circumstances, forming patterns of action termed – for instance – academic capitalism or active universities. Such actions can be aimed at adapting to external realities, or they may be aimed at attempting to influence the way these realities are developed and implemented. In working towards either of these goals, universities have adapted to their increasingly complex environment by expanding top management teams, establishing new groups of professional support staff and generating new hybrid functions straddling the divide between academic, administrative and managerial roles. All of these structures represent new avenues of strategic positioning and internal power distribution that depend on extensive communication and intricate decision-making processes. So what happens to these structures when time is a limited commodity and environmental pressures experience a sudden upheaval. Which interests take priority?

This study compares the somewhat slow-moving and predictable processes behind strategy formulation and similar positioning activities at Swedish higher education institutions with the very fast-paced and unpredictable processes behind their responses to government initiatives regarding the covid-19 pandemic of 2020 – 2021. Both cases provide clear examples of strategic positioning with far-reaching implications for the continued development of institutional profiles for each respective university, but the widely different circumstances surrounding each group of activities necessitate different internal processes and priorities. Through interviews with key staff at three different Swedish universities, this study shows how internal decision-making structures as well as priorities are adapted in relation to the practical circumstances of the positioning process.

Keywords
Higher education, Strategic planning, Strategic Positioning, Pandemic Response, University management, Högre utbildning, strategisk planering, strategisk positionering, pandemihantering, universitetsledning
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299872 (URN)
Conference
XIX Nordic Political Science (NoPSA) Congress, University of Iceland, August 10-13, 2021
Note

QC 20210819

Available from: 2021-08-18 Created: 2021-08-18 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved
Geschwind, L. & Lundborg, S. (2020). Att bryta ny mark – men vilken?: En analys av inspelen till forskningspropositionen. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Att bryta ny mark – men vilken?: En analys av inspelen till forskningspropositionen
2020 (Swedish)Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Abstract [sv]

Sedan slutet av 1970-talet har regeringen regelbundet lagt fram princippropositioner om den samlade forsknings- och utvecklingspolitiken. Det har nu blivit dags för nästa upplaga, och inför arbetet med denna har regeringen efterfrågat inspel från en bred variation av intressenter i samhället. Avsikten med denna rapport är att tillhandahålla en startpunkt för diskussioner kring de gemensamma och skiljaktiga intressen som kommer till uttryck i inspelen, och hur dessa kan samordnas och mötas på ett produktivt sätt.

Det huvudsakliga underlaget för rapporten har bestått av totalt 87 inspel från 94 organisationer, vars huvudsakliga budskap har utlästs ur sammanfattningar, förslagslistor och vid behov i brödtext. Budskapen har sedan klassificerats till gemensamma och återkommande teman, varpå relationen mellan organisationerna och de teman de lyfter har ritats upp och analyserats utifrån vilka grupperingar som tenderar att bildas. Som komplement till detta underlag har svar från en respondentundersökning som genomfördes vid SUHF:s dialogseminarium 2020 också använts för att få en inblick i hur de olika perspektiv som framkommer i den forskningspolitiska debatten kan konsolideras med varandra.

Rapporten grupperar inspelens medskick i fyra breda kategorier: synen på finansieringsfrågor, synen på forskningsutmaningar, synen på normer och regler samt synen på rollfördelningsfrågor. Var och en av dessa kategorier analyseras gruppvis med samma indelning som regeringen har använt vid utskick av inbjudningarna. Resultatet anger att det finns en stark tendens bland organisationerna att utgå från sina egna strukturella intressen. På grund av den stora mångfalden av intressenter innebär detta en tämligen oöverskådlig och splittrad bild av vilken forskningspolitisk inriktning som vore eftersträvansvärd, men eftersom det finns en tydlig koppling mellan organisationernas medskick och vad som skulle gynna deras egen position i systemet är bilden ändå möjlig att bena ut och systematisera. Enigheten blir större ju längre från resursfördelning frågorna kommer, vilket indikerar att man samlas kring gemensamma intressen och problemområden där rådande ordning innebär att de flesta eller alla inblandade upplever suboptimeringar. I resursfördelningsfrågor, som i hög utsträckning handlar om att gynna den ena parten på den andras bekostnad, är splittringen på samma sätt större.

Rapporten drar också slutsatsen att det finns vissa mer eller mindre universella uppfattningar om vad forskningspolitiken bör leda till, där högre kvalitet är ett sådant exempel. Det finns dock ingen konsensus om vad högre kvalitet i praktiken innebär, och definitionerna på detta område blir snabbt cirkulära eller motstridiga. Även om alla inblandade därmed vore överens om vad målet bör vara uppstår en naturlig splittring i vägarna mot detta mål beroende på perspektivet man anlägger på målets betydelse, och detta innebär i sin tur att i praktiken kan förespråka samma verktyg för samma mål – men ändå olika sätt att använda det på.

Eftersom enigheten är som störst när de strukturella intressena – och därmed problembeskrivningarna – är som mest universella kan en gångbar väg framåt för forskningspolitiken vara att fokusera på områden där spridningen mellan typer av intressenter som lyfter problematiken är bredast. Dessa områden missgynnar sannolikt många grupper utan att samtidigt också gynna någon, och representerar således rena suboptimeringar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 36
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Pedagogy
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278685 (URN)
Note

QC 20200729

Available from: 2020-07-20 Created: 2020-07-20 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved
Lundborg, S., Ismayilova, K., Geschwind, L. & Broström, A.Gilded Cages: Reliance on External Funding in Research.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Gilded Cages: Reliance on External Funding in Research
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The increasing dependence on knowledge as a driver of societal development during the twenty-first century has placed the governance of academia in a state of transformation. Increasing pressure for academia to direct the production, proliferation, and utilisation of academic knowledge towards the perceived needs and interests of government, industry and interests groups have manifested themselves in a diverse set of conditions for funding of education and research. For academics in general, and for early career researchers in particular, the result is an increasing dependence on external funding. In response, many universities have taken steps to introduce restrictions on form, content, and publication of research – as well as what types of employments are made available for researchers in the first place.

This study explores the relationship between employment security and reliance on external funding in Finland and Sweden – two countries that have recently adopted tenure-track models. The exploration is based on material from the APIKS survey regarding duration of employment contracts, exposure to expectations, and sources of funding. Bases on this analysis, we discuss whether tenure can effectively provide a healthy degree of independence and academic freedom in a funding landscape characterised by a high degree of competition for research funding.

The results of the study provide insights into how the transformation of conditions for academic work interact with fundamental values of academia, and opens avenues for further research into how academics deal with the pressures of modern career structures.

Keywords
Higher education, External funding, Employment security, Tenure-tracks, Academic freedom
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358298 (URN)
Available from: 2025-01-08 Created: 2025-01-08 Last updated: 2025-01-17Bibliographically approved
Lundborg, S.Putting Mouths Where the Money Is: An Analysis of Input to the Swedish Research Bill of 2024.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Putting Mouths Where the Money Is: An Analysis of Input to the Swedish Research Bill of 2024
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Higher education institutions have come to play an increasingly important role for a variety of different political purposes ranging from regional growth to science diplomacy, and through this development have also come to gain a more important role as political actors. This study examines how this role is harnessed by higher education institutions and closely related actors in political advocacy work through a dual conceptual framework of academic freedom and the principal-agent perspective. With an empirical material of opinion papers requested from and sent to the Swedish government in preparation for its research bill of 2024, the study consists of a thematic analysis of stances taken and arguments raised in order to consolidate a seemingly disparate policy debate into a common frame of reference. The study concludes that advocacy work aiming at external conditions also serves internal purposes. 

Keywords
Higher education policy, Academic freedom, Principal-Agent theory, Thematic analysis, Research funding
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358299 (URN)
Available from: 2025-01-08 Created: 2025-01-08 Last updated: 2025-01-17Bibliographically approved
Lundborg, S. & Geschwind, L. Trial by Fire: Management During Crisis in Swedish Higher Education Institutions.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Trial by Fire: Management During Crisis in Swedish Higher Education Institutions
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Universities are intimately intertwined with their environments. They are subjects of a wide variety of expectations from external parties, and rely on meeting these expectations to maintain funding, trust and access to valuable infrastructure and information. Research has shown that universities are highly reactive to these pressures, both adapting to and attempting to influence their external realities. Part of this adaptation has taken the form of increasingly complex internal management structures, with growing management teams, new groups of support staff, and hybridisation of both roles and organisational principles. 

This chapter examines what happens to these complex structures when put to the test by disruptive crises: Which interests, which actors and which values take priority – and what comes out on the other side? The theoretical approach is based on a combined lens of resource dependence theory and crisis management theory, applied to a material of 21 interviews at three different Swedish higher education institutions.

The results show a breakdown of established pathways during crisis conditions, where the complex structures aimed at anchoring, securing acceptance and reaching consensus are set aside in favour of speed, efficiency, and security – illustrating a disconnect between vision and implementation generated by the tension between fluid, hybrid conceptualisations and the binary system they appear in.

Keywords
Higher education management, higher education administration, resource dependence theory, crisis management theory, hybridity
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358297 (URN)
Available from: 2025-01-08 Created: 2025-01-08 Last updated: 2025-01-17Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-2248-6614

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