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Almlöf, E. (2024). Beyond Technology: Understanding societal impacts of implementing self-driving vehicle systems on road transport. (Doctoral dissertation). Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond Technology: Understanding societal impacts of implementing self-driving vehicle systems on road transport
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

During the last decade, self-driving vehicles have become a major topic of interest, promising to transform transport by making travel safer and more efficient. However, as we move closer to making these vehicles a reality, it has become clear that introducing them into society might not be as straightforward as once thought, and there are growing doubts about the benefits they are supposed to offer.

In this thesis, I investigate the societal impacts of self-driving vehicles by exploring four aspects: reasons for researching self-driving vehicles, how these vehicles could be implemented, the societal impacts of fully implementing self-driving vehicles, and their relationship to sustainability goals.

I find that the motivation for researching this topic is often opaque, and the existence of the technology itself is used as a justification for more research. 

Furthermore, most research into realising self-driving vehicles focuses on purely technical aspects such as designing better algorithms. However, I show that many challenges remain connected to the sociotechnical intertwinement of self-driving vehicles. For instance, I illustrate how they will interact with pedestrians and how services using self-driving vehicles would be practically organised.

Additionally, self-driving vehicles are likely to impact many aspects of society, such as congestion, accessibility, and economic factors. However, I demonstrate that no single framework successfully captures all the identified societal impacts, which are likely to depend on diverse factors such as geographical variations.

The impacts further affect sustainability, where new challenges are likely to emerge. I show that while current tools to govern the transport system are still relevant, a comprehensive approach is needed to ensure that policymakers make well-considered decisions. 

In conclusion, I call for a more balanced view of self-driving vehicles. Introducing this new technology requires careful planning and governance to ensure that self-driving vehicle systems genuinely enhance our quality of life and help build a sustainable future. 

Abstract [sv]

Självkörande fordon har framställts som en viktig pusselbit för att uppnå hållbara och säkra resor, med möjligheter att förbättra trafikflödet, minska utsläppen och öka trafiksäkerheten. Det har dock visat sig att introduktionen av denna nya teknik inte var så enkel som det till en början framställdes, och att effekterna inte nödvändigtvis bara är positiva.

I denna avhandling undersöker jag de samhälleliga effekterna av att införa självkörande fordon, uppdelat i fyra områden: varför forskning sker på området, hur de skulle realiseras, de samhälleliga effekterna av ett införande, samt relationen mellan självkörande fordon och hållbarhet.

Jag visar att motiveringen för att göra forskning på området ofta är oklar och att själva existensen av forskning på området används för att självrättfärdiga mer forskning.

Den mesta forskningen om att realisera självkörande fordon fokuserar på rent tekniska aspekter, såsom bättre algoritmer. Även om många utmaningar kvarstår på det området visar jag även att många andra praktiska problem kvarstår, kopplade till den sociotekniska kopplingen mellan teknik och samhälle. Till exempel saknas lösningar för hur fordonen skulle interagera med fotgängare, och de självkörande fordonen skulle dessutom behöva organiseras praktiskt på något sätt.

Effekterna av självkörande teknik skulle även påverka många delar av samhället såsom framkomlighet, tillgänglighet och ekonomi. Därutöver demonstrerar jag att inget nuvarande ramverk för att förstå samhällseffekter lyckas fånga samtliga aspekter, och att effekterna skulle variera med hänsyn till t ex geografi.

Dessa samhällseffekter får även påverkan på hållbarhet, där nya utmaningar kan uppstå. Jag visar att nuvarande styrmedel för transportsystemet fortfarande är relevanta, men att en helhetssyn krävs för att effektivt hantera utmaningarna. 

Avslutningsvis efterlyser jag en nyanserad bild av självkörande fordon. Att introducera en ny teknik kräver rigorös och framåtsyftande planering och styrning för att säkerställa att självkörande fordon uppnår övergripande hållbarhetsmål och leder till att berika människors liv.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 100
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2024:10
Keywords
self-driving vehicles, societal effects
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346477 (URN)978-91-8040-942-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-06-13, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68249380493, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2020-05146Region Stockholm, LS 2017-0585Region Stockholm, RS 2020–0353Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2019/118695
Available from: 2024-05-21 Created: 2024-05-16 Last updated: 2024-06-03Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E. (2024). Beyond the hype: A critical look at the motivations driving automated driving systems research. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 24, Article ID 101075.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond the hype: A critical look at the motivations driving automated driving systems research
2024 (English)In: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, E-ISSN 2590-1982, Vol. 24, article id 101075Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Automated driving systems (ADS) have gained sizable attention over the last decade, promising safer, cheaper, and more accessible transportation. However, the discourse driving this research has not been thoroughly explored, with scant qualitative work detailing specific cases. To address this gap, this paper explores the motivations for the societal need for ADS research for the 500 most cited publications in the field, investigating explicit motivations (e.g., accident reduction), writing style, assumed likelihood of outcomes, and the text's tone. Qualitative and quantitative techniques are used, as well as the tool ChatGPT to investigate the large number of texts. The results show that the most common motivation is the emergence itself (‘ADS are coming, so they need to be studied’), followed by potential benefits such as accident reduction, congestion mitigation, increased comfort and productivity onboard, and environmental concerns. The tone of the publications is primarily neutral or slightly positive but with some deterministic descriptions like ‘ADS will lead to’ rather than more cautious language like ‘can’ or ‘may’. The results offer a glimpse rather than a comprehensive overview of the discourse on ADS within the research community. While the analysis might not capture the nuanced perspectives that readers encounter in publications focused on 'impacts', the reviewed publications remain the most cited works in the field, likely affecting the discourse to some extent.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Automated driving, Automated driving systems, Motivation, Review, Self-driving vehicles
National Category
Embedded Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345241 (URN)10.1016/j.trip.2024.101075 (DOI)001224567500001 ()2-s2.0-85189011272 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240603

Available from: 2024-04-10 Created: 2024-04-10 Last updated: 2024-08-30Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E. & Hesselgren, M. (2024). From technological fixes to societal solutions: A sociotechnical framework for understanding self-driving technology implementation.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From technological fixes to societal solutions: A sociotechnical framework for understanding self-driving technology implementation
2024 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Self-driving vehicles have been hailed as a revolutionary force that will benefit society through increased accessibility and reduced accident rates. However, implementing such a new technological system will be complex, requiring immense societal adaptions and changes. In this paper, we analyse the challenges faced in implementing self-driving vehicles based on interviews with onboard operators and stakeholders responsible for the operations of self-driving buses in northwest Stockholm, Sweden. From these interviews, we suggest a framework for understanding which societal changes would be required to implement self-driving vehicles.

We highlight the complexities of self-driving and the sociotechnical perspective needed to understand the challenges of implementing self-driving vehicles, underscoring human drivers' complex and tacit knowledge. Further, we identify a crucial technological gap in the vehicles' understanding of context, suggesting that comprehensive self-driving operation requires a form of general intelligence beyond the current, specialised, driving-only intelligence. The findings presented in this paper pave the way for further research and efforts needed to enable broader adoption of self-driving vehicles and offer insights for policymakers to guide future legislation in self-driving transport. 

In conclusion, several adaptions are required to facilitate self-driving vehicles. However, policymakers are advised to uphold stringent transport requirements, regardless of human or machine drivers, and resist any pressures to unnecessarily relax regulations. Such a cautious approach will ensure the continued prioritisation of safety and efficacy without compromising the human norms and behaviours that are integral and necessary to transport systems. 

Keywords
Self-driving vehicles; Self-driving buses; Implementation; Trial; Sociotechnical systems; Framework
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346468 (URN)
Funder
Vinnova, 2020-05146
Note

Submitted

QC 20240516

Available from: 2024-05-15 Created: 2024-05-15 Last updated: 2024-05-16Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E. (2023). Results for the comparison between e-scooter trips and their public transport and walking equivalent in the city of Gothenburg. KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Results for the comparison between e-scooter trips and their public transport and walking equivalent in the city of Gothenburg
2023 (English)Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Alternative title[en]
Project ELKOLL
Abstract [en]

This project examined shared e-scooter trips provided by the operator Voi and used a trip planner to determine the potential alternatives if users had chosen to walk or utilise public transportation (PT) instead.

 

The analysis reveals that Voi trips are typically brief, with 71% lasting less than 10 minutes, usually covering 1-2 kilometres, and mostly occurring within central Gothenburg. The trip planner indicated that walking would be the best alternative for roughly half of the trips, while public transportation would be the main alternative for the other half. 

 

For the trips for which the trip planner suggested walking as the best alternative, 81% of them are less than 1 km long, meaning they could be alternatively covered by walking 15 minutes or less. Nonetheless, 89% of trips are faster with Voi, and 72% of them begin or end within 100 metres of a public transport stop, which strongly implies intermodal behaviour among e-scooter users and the use of e-scooters as a first/last mile solution; however, further research is necessary to support this statement.

 

Regarding the trips for which the trip planner suggested PT with no transfers, half of the users would have had to walk 500 m or more to access and egress PT and 80% of them started or ended within 100 m of a public transport stop, which can suggest users choosing Voi to replace a leg of their trips; or even the complete trip, considering that roughly half of these trips would have been theoretically cheaper with Voi instead of PT. Nonetheless, once again, more research is needed to support these hypotheses.

 

Generally, shared e-scooters hold the potential to complement public transportation services in densely populated urban areas, a notion supported by this study and prior academic and grey research. Even in the absence of parking regulations, users tend to initiate or conclude their trips near public transport stops, which can serve as a valuable guideline for developing parking policy.

 

In conclusion, shared e-scooters represent an important aspect of urban transportation that should not be overlooked. It is crucial to engage both existing and potential e-scooter operators in transportation planning to foster collaboration with municipalities, PT agencies and local communities. This collaborative effort should aim to promote multimodality, integrated ticketing solutions, and user-centric approaches that encourage a shift away from less sustainable transportation modes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 27
Keywords
Micromobility; E-scooters, E-scooter sharing, E-scooter alternative, Mode substitution, OpenTripPlanner
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-327895 (URN)
Projects
ELKOLL
Note

QC 20230607

Available from: 2023-06-01 Created: 2023-06-01 Last updated: 2023-06-07Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E. (2023). Using vignettes to explore policy tools for a self-driving transport future. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 22, Article ID 100922.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using vignettes to explore policy tools for a self-driving transport future
2023 (English)In: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, E-ISSN 2590-1982, Vol. 22, article id 100922Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Researchers struggle to create simple yet nuanced diagrams or short abstracts that are easily comprehendible by non-experts. Research articles may be our primary communication method, but they are generally difficult to understand, making them unsuitable for general communication. This paper investigates a rarely used method in transport research – vignettes – to convey research results and elicit implications for public planners. Historically, these vignettes have been designed using qualitative methods, e.g., the Delphi method or by researchers' review of trends. However, this paper uses two vignettes originating from quantitative results from a simulation model paper (Almlöf et al., 2022), investigating the impacts of self-driving technology. Rewriting the results into two short stories – vignettes – these stories then served as the starting point for semi-structured interviews and a workshop with six public officials in Stockholm, Sweden. The vignettes were used to understand what these results would mean to the participants and how they would combat potential problems connected to sustainability, given the vignettes. Finally, the interviews and the workshop were qualitatively analysed, and policy tools were identified that can steer the transport system towards societal goals. The vignettes were a powerful tool to help the participants envision a future with self-driving transport options and promote critical thinking regarding how each participant would be affected, given such a future. As such, vignettes should be further explored to help researchers investigate abstract subjects which participants may have difficulties understanding.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Automated driving, Mixed methods, Self-driving vehicles, Urban planning, Vignettes
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338351 (URN)10.1016/j.trip.2023.100922 (DOI)001086625800001 ()2-s2.0-85173039189 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20231020

Available from: 2023-10-20 Created: 2023-10-20 Last updated: 2024-08-30Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E. (2022). Exploring societal impacts of self-driving public transport using four-step transport models. (Licentiate dissertation). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring societal impacts of self-driving public transport using four-step transport models
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

During the last decade, self-driving technology has become increasingly visible in the news, with the vision that people would enter vehicles that drive themselves, and that people could instead rest, read the newspaper, or have a meeting. However, these visions have mainly focused on the potential for car usage, even though public transport could benefit greatly from self-driving technology. For bus traffic, the bus driver accounts for half of the cost of driving, and savings on personnel costs could, for example, be reinvested in expanded public transport service or used to lower taxes.

At the same time, more research has shown potential problems linked to self-driving technology, for example that more comfortable driving would lead to more traffic, which in turn would lead to increased emissions, higher noise levels in cities or further focus on car-centric infrastructure. For public transport, the driver's role in creating safety and acting as problem solvers has also been emphasized - who should I ask for directions if there is no knowledgeable driver on board?

Various methods have previously been used to explore the social effects of self-driving technology and in this dissertation I have used so-called "four-stage models", more specifically the Swedish transport model Sampers. Four-stage models have been used for 50 years to evaluate effects on the transport system from e.g. infrastructure changes, but these models face new challenges, handling vehicles that drive by themselves. In my research, I have adjusted the model to simulate self-driving technology and investigated what effects this has on, for example, traffic volumes and emissions.

In the three articles that are part of the dissertation, I have four main conclusions:

  • Self-driving technology can mean large savings in costs for public transport, primarily for bus traffic but also to some extent for rail traffic. In addition, a smoother driving behaviour would mean more comfortable travel, which would increase the attractiveness of public transport. In addition, public transport not limited by, for example, driver schedules or current commercial conditions, could develop new types of services, such as on-demand public transport.
  • Four-stage models have previously been used to model the transport system and have been shown to have good results, at least at an overall level. Within my research, I have made some adaptations of these models to mimic self-driving technology, but the models in their current form cannot consider, for example, vehicle sharing.
  • It is important to point out that bus and train drivers currently perform many tasks that are not directly related to the driving of the vehicle, such as answering questions, maintaining social order among passengers and taking care of faults that occur during the trip. Today, self-driving technology cannot fulfil these roles.
  • Self-driving technology for public transport would affect people's accessibility, driving style for vehicles, safety on board, how we plan traffic and the people who currently work as drivers. In fact, a multitude of societal effects have been identified, affecting all areas of transport. In addition, the effects are generally not similar across geographies, time units or for different actors, which further emphasizes that the total effect is not easy to summarize.
Abstract [sv]

Självkörande teknik har under det senast decenniet synts allt mer i media, med målet att människor ska slippa köra själv på väg till jobbet, och istället kunna vila, läsa tidningen eller hålla ett möte. Dessa visioner har dock i huvudsak fokuserat på just bilen, trots att kollektivtrafiken skulle kunna dra stor nytta av självkörande teknik. För busstrafik står bussföraren för hälften av kostnaden för att köra trafiken, och besparingar på personalkostnader skulle t ex kunna återinvesteras i mer utökad kollektivtrafik, lägre skatter eller utökad välfärd inom andra områden.

Samtidigt så har alltmer forskning visat på potentiella problem kopplat till självkörande teknik, exempelvis att den mer bekväma körningen skulle leda till mer trafik som i sin tur leder till mer utsläpp, höjda bullernivåer i städer eller ytterligare fokus på bilcentrerad infrastruktur. För kollektivtrafiken har även förarens roll som trygghetsskapande och som problemlösare lyfts fram – vem ska jag fråga om vägen om det inte finns en kunnig förare ombord? 

Olika metoder har tidigare använts för att utforska samhällseffekterna av självkörande teknik, i den här avhandlingen har jag använt mig av så kallade ”fyrstegsmodeller”, mer specifikt den svenska transportmodellen Sampers. Fyrstegsmodeller har använts i uppemot 50 år för att utvärdera effekter på transportsystemet, men har ställts inför nya krav på att hantera fordon som körs av sig själva. Inom min forskning har jag gjort anpassningar av modellen för att simulera självkörande teknik och undersökt vilka effekter detta får på t ex trafikvolymer och utsläpp.

I de tre vetenskapliga artiklarna som är del av avhandlingen har jag kommit fram till fyra huvudsakliga slutsatser:

  • Självkörande teknik kan innebära stora besparingar i kostnader för kollektivtrafiken, i första hand för busstrafik men även i viss mån för spårtrafik. Därutöver skulle en mer jämn körstil innebära bekvämare resor, vilket skulle öka kollektivtrafikens attraktionskraft. Därutöver kan kollektivtrafik som inte begränsas av t ex förarscheman eller nuvarande kommersiella villkor kunna innebära nya tjänster, såsom efterfrågestyrd (”on-demand”) kollektivtrafik. 
  • Fyrstegsmodeller har tidigare använts för att modellera transportsystemet och visat sig ha god överenstämmelse med verkligheten, åtminstone på övergripande nivå. Inom ramen för min forskning har jag gjort anpassningar av Sampers för att efterlikna självkörande teknik, men modellerna kan i sin nuvarande form inte ta hänsyn till t ex delande av fordon. 
  • Det är viktigt att påpeka att förare idag utför många uppgifter som inte direkt är kopplade till framförandet av fordonet, såsom att svara på frågor, upprätthålla ordning bland resenärer och att ta hand om fel som uppstår på fordonet. Dessa roller kan självkörande teknik idag inte uppfylla. 
  • De samhällseffekter som identifierats är överlag varierande och mångfaldiga. Självkörande teknik för kollektivtrafik skulle påverka människors tillgänglighet, körstilen för fordonen, tryggheten ombord, hur vi planerar trafiken och de personer som idag arbetar som förare. Dessutom är effekterna generellt sett inte likartade över geografi, tidsenhet eller för olika aktörer, vilket ytterligare understryker att effekten inte är enkel att sammanfatta. 
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 65
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2022:18
Keywords
Self-driving vehicles, Public transport, Four-step transport model, Societal impacts, Sampers
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312391 (URN)978-91-8040-267-5 (ISBN)
Presentation
2022-06-07, Integrated Transport Research Lab / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69238467735, Drottning Kristinas Väg 40, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-05-17 Created: 2022-05-17 Last updated: 2024-05-20Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E., Zhao, X., Pernestål Brenden, A., Jenelius, E. & Nybacka, M. (2022). Frameworks for assessing societal impacts of automated driving technology. Transportation planning and technology (Print), 45(7), 545-572
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Frameworks for assessing societal impacts of automated driving technology
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2022 (English)In: Transportation planning and technology (Print), ISSN 0308-1060, E-ISSN 1029-0354, Vol. 45, no 7, p. 545-572Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Numerous studies have studied the impacts of automated driving (AD) technology on e.g. accident rates or CO2 emissions using various frameworks. In this paper we present an overview of previous frameworks used for societal impacts and review their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we introduce the Total Impact Assessment (TIA) framework developed by the Swedish Transport Administration and use this framework to evaluate three scenarios for AD bus services in Stockholm. We conclude that the reviewed frameworks cover different aspects of AD technology, and that e.g. cybersecurity and biodiversity are areas largely neglected. Furthermore, most frameworks assume effects to be homogenous, when there may be large variation in e.g. perceived security. The TIA framework does not manage to include all societal aspects of AD technology, but has great benefits and manages to provide important insights of the societal impacts of AD technology, especially how effects may wary for different actors. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2022
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323333 (URN)10.1080/03081060.2022.2134866 (DOI)000871790500001 ()2-s2.0-85141181840 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2019/118695
Note

QC 20230130

Available from: 2023-01-26 Created: 2023-01-26 Last updated: 2024-05-16Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E. (2022). PSSST – Policies for sustainable, shared and self-drivingtransportation.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>PSSST – Policies for sustainable, shared and self-drivingtransportation
2022 (English)Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Alternative title[sv]
Styrmedel för hållbara, delade och självkörande transporter
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-328137 (URN)
Funder
Region Stockholm, RS 2020–0353
Note

QC 20230804

Available from: 2023-06-02 Created: 2023-06-02 Last updated: 2023-08-04Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E., Nybacka, M., Pernestål Brenden, A. & Jenelius, E. (2022). Will leisure trips be more affected than work trips by autonomous technology?: Modelling self-driving public transport and cars in Stockholm, Sweden. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 165, 1-19
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Will leisure trips be more affected than work trips by autonomous technology?: Modelling self-driving public transport and cars in Stockholm, Sweden
2022 (English)In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, ISSN 0965-8564, E-ISSN 1879-2375, Vol. 165, p. 1-19Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Self-driving technology may lead to a paradigm shift for the transport industry with shared cars available to every-one. However, this vision has increasingly been challenged as too optimistic and unsubstantiated. In this study we explore societal impacts of using this technology for both cars and public transport and investigate differences depending on geography and trip purpose. Four scenarios were designed through workshops with 130 transport experts, modelled using a conventional four-step model for Stockholm, Sweden and evaluated in terms of changes to mode choice, number of trips and person kilometres.We find larger increases for non-commuting trips, i.e. service and leisure trips, than for commuting trips, questioning the view of the 'productive work trip' as self-driving technology's main impact on society. As these trips are primarily made outside of rush hours, this may lead to a changed transport system. Geographic differences are substantial and heavily dependent on the cost model for car alternatives, even indicating a reduction in car travel in rural areas if private ownership would be replaced by shared cars. Furthermore, walking and cycling levels decreased in all scenarios while enhancing public transport using self-driving technology had a limited impact on ridership.These results show that the impacts of self-driving technology may have varied societal impacts even within a region and may lead to increased car travel, especially off-peak. These conclusions stress the need for policies that are sensitive to both geography and time.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
Autonomous vehicle, Trip purpose, Mode choice, Travel demand modelling, Large-scale simulation
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-319426 (URN)10.1016/j.tra.2022.08.023 (DOI)000855679600001 ()2-s2.0-85137175737 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220929

Available from: 2022-09-29 Created: 2022-09-29 Last updated: 2024-05-16Bibliographically approved
Almlöf, E. (2021). Slutrapport - Självkörande fullängdsbuss på Tvärförbindelse Södertörn.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Slutrapport - Självkörande fullängdsbuss på Tvärförbindelse Södertörn
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2021 (Swedish)Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Abstract [sv]

Föreliggande slutrapport är finansierad av Trafikverkets FoI portfölj, strategiska  initiativ,för projekt Självkörande eldriven stombuss på Tvärförbindelse Södertörn – En skalbarfallstudie (TRV 2019/118695). Partners i projektet är Trafikverket, Scania, Volvo, Keolis,KTH samt Sweco där även Trafikförvaltningen Region Stockholm, Nobina och projektTvärförbindelse Södertörn har bidragit till arbetet som pågått från maj 2020 till mars 2021.Ansvarig för projektet inom Trafikverket har varit Stora projekt.För att skapa en förståelse för konsekvenser av tekniska utveckling i relation tillnödvändiga fysiska och digitala åtgärder har tre scenarier tagits fram: Bus Driver Plus,Automation with Adaption och Automation Utopia. Dessa scenarier beskriver olika nivåerav automation och behov av kringliggande stödsystem. I det första scenario finns enförare ombord på bussen som tar över körningen vid farliga situationer. Det andrascenariot avser en självkörande buss utan förare där den fysiska infrastrukturen haranpassats genom ett införande av ett eget busskörfält. Det sista scenariot beskriver enframtid där bussen helt förlitar sig på digital teknik och en operatör kontrollerar körningenav flera fordon från ett avsides kontrolltorn.De tre scenarierna utvärderades genom en samlad effektbedömning, Trafikverkets metodför att utvärdera åtgärder. Resultaten visar att den största vinsten av automatisering kanhandla om resenärernas bekvämlighet och inte nödvändigtvis om att minimera kostnaderför förare. Antaganden om att resenärerna kan uppleva resan bekvämare är troligtvisöverskattade, men resultaten visar att även små förbättringar i bekvämlighet kan ge storasamhälleliga vinster.Scenariot där bussen har ett eget körfält innebär mycket stora kostnader och är troligtvisinte ekonomiskt försvarbart. Dessutom kommer enbart en busslinje att trafikeramotorleden som dessutom består av 3 tunnlar. Vidare är det inte säkert att den aktör somgör nödvändiga investeringar är den aktör som får ta del av de samhälleliga vinsterna. Iscenariot skulle Trafikverket stå för stora delar av investeringskostnaden, medan vinsten för personalbesparingar uppstår för Region Stockholm och kollektivtrafikresenärerna somåker längs sträckan.Projektet har även undersökt hur multimodala hubbar (nod som möjliggör smidigt bytemellan olika transportmedel) längs med förbindelsen kan stödja eldrivna och självkörandebussar. Det är viktigt att ny väginfrastruktur bidrar till en attraktiv kollektivtrafik därresenärer i första hand väljer buss istället för bil. För att eldrivna och självkörande bussarska införas behöver Region Stockholm ställa nya krav i upphandlingar för attåstadkomma en förändring i transportsystemet. Nya krav som skapar ekonomiskaincitament för operatörer som utför den operativa verksamheten över lång tid. Det är dockproblematiskt att ställa krav på eldrift eftersom det saknas tillgänglig infrastruktur iStockholm.Avseende självkörande fullängdsbussar är tekniken helt enkelt inte tillräckligt mogen idag.Dock tror många experter att självkörande bussar kommer att införas, både i stadsmiljöoch glesbygd, när tekniken och samhället är redo för det, gissningsvis kring år 2030.

Publisher
p. 46
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Transport Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-328136 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2019/118695
Note

QC 20230607

Available from: 2023-06-02 Created: 2023-06-02 Last updated: 2023-06-07Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-6986-972x

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