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Numerical simulations of restrained shrinkage cracking in glass fibre reinforced shotcrete slabs
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8375-581X
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8336-1247
2017 (English)In: Advances in Civil Engineering / Hindawi, ISSN 1687-8086, E-ISSN 1687-8094, no 8987626Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Modern tunnels in hard rock are usually constructed by drill and blast with the rock reinforced by shotcrete (sprayed concrete) in combination with rock bolts. The irregular rock surface and the projection method of shotcrete leads to a tunnel lining of varying thickness with unevenly distributed stresses that affect the risk of cracking during shrinkage of the young and hardening material. Depending on water conditions, shotcrete is either sprayed directly onto the rock surface or over a drainage system, creating a fully restrained or an end-restrained structural system. In this paper, a method for non-linear numerical simulations has been demonstrated, for the study of differences in stress build up and cracking behaviour of restrained shotcrete slabs subjected to shrinkage. Special focus was given to the effects of the irregular shape and varying thickness of the shotcrete. The effects of glass fibre reinforcement and bond were implemented in the study by changing the fracture energy in bending and in the interaction between shotcrete and the substrate. The study verifies that an end-restrained shotcrete slab is prone to shrinkage induced cracking, and shows the importance of a continuous bond to avoid wide shrinkage cracks when shotcrete is sprayed directly onto the rock. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2017. no 8987626
Keywords [en]
Shotcrete, Cracking, Varying thickness, Shrinkage
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-205302DOI: 10.1155/2017/8987626ISI: 000400618200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85019613854OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-205302DiVA, id: diva2:1088425
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo)
Note

QC 20170418

Available from: 2017-04-12 Created: 2017-04-12 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Analyses of shotcrete stress states due to varying lining thickness and irregular rock surfaces
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analyses of shotcrete stress states due to varying lining thickness and irregular rock surfaces
2017 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Shotcrete is sprayed concrete applied pneumatically under high pressure and was invented in the beginning of the 1900's. This new technique decreased the construction time and since steel fibres were introduced in the shotcrete during the 1970's, shotcrete has been the primary support method for tunnels.

Tunnels excavated with the drill and blast method creates a highly irregular rock surface which results in a shotcrete lining with varying thickness. The structural behaviour as well as the loads acting on the shotcrete lining depends on the interaction between the shotcrete, rock and rock bolts. There are several parameters influencing this interaction, e.g. bond strength, the stiffness of the rock and thickness of the shotcrete. All of these parameters are difficult to predict accurately which makes the structural design of the lining to a complex problem.

This thesis present the first part of a research project with the long-term goal to improve the understanding of the structural behaviour of the shotcrete lining. To achieve this, numerical modelling have been used to study the build up of stresses and cracking of shotcrete when subjected to restrained loading caused by e.g. temperature differences and drying shrinkage. The response in the lining when subjected to a gravity load from a block has also been studied. The model is capable of describing the non-linear deformation behaviour of both plain and fibre reinforced shotcrete and uses presented in situ variations in thickness to more accurately account for the effects of expected variations in thickness. The thesis discuss and demonstrate the effect of important loads that acts on the shotcrete lining and how the irregular geometry of the rock surface in combination with the varying thickness of the shotcrete affect the development of stresses in the lining. It is also discussed how a full or partial bond failure affect the structural capacity of a shotcrete lining.  

 

Abstract [sv]

Sprutbetong är betong som appliceras pneumatiskt under högt tryckt, en metod utvecklad i början av 1900-talet. Kort därefter gjordes de första försöken att använda sprutbetong som bergförstärkning. Den här nya tekniken minskade produktionstiden och när stålfibrer introduceras under 1970-talet kunde det tunga arbetet med att placera armering minimeras. Sedan dess har sprutbetong blivit den preliminära förstärkningsmetoden, särskilt för tunnlar i hårt berg där tunna lager av sprutbetong ibland kan användas som den enda förstärkningsåtgärden. 

Tunnlar byggs normalt genom metoden "borrning-sprängning" vilket leder till att bergytan där sprutbetongen appliceras få r en oregelbunden form. Under sprutning är det svårt att fastställa den exakta tjockleken och sprutbetongen har därmed en oregelbunden tjocklek. Beroende på in situ förhållanden kan oarmerad eller fiberarmerad sprutbetong i kombination med bergbultar användas för att förstärka berget. Det strukturella beteendet och lasterna som påverkar förstärkningen beror på interaktionen mellan sprutbetong, berg och bergbultar. Denna samverkan styrs av flera parametrar som t ex; vidhäftningshållfastheten, bergets styvhet och tjockleken hos sprutbetongen. Dessa parametrar är svåra att förutsäga vilket gör dimensionering av en sprutbetongförstärkningen till ett komplext problem.

Den här uppsatsen presenterar den första delen av ett forskningsprojekt med det långsiktiga målet att öka förståelsen för det strukturella beteendet hos en sprutbetongförstärkning. För att uppnå detta har numerisk modellering använts för att studera spänningsuppbyggnaden och uppsprickningen av sprutbetong som utsätts för förhindrade rörelser orsakade av temperaturförändringar eller uttorkningskrympning. Sprutbetongens beteende när den utsätts för en blocklast har också studerats. En numeriskt modell för att analysera spänningarna i sprutbetong som tar hänsyn till tidsberoende materialegenskaper har använts. Modellen kan beskriva det icke-linjära deformationsbeteendet av oarmerad samt fiberarmerad sprutbetong och använder sig av presenterad fältdata för att beskriva de förväntade tjockleksvariationerna. Uppsatsen disskuterar och demonstrerar effekten av viktiga laster som verkar på sprutbetongförstärkningen och hur bergets oregelbundna yta i kombination med sprutbetongens varierande tjocklek påverkar spänningsuppbyggnaden i förstärkningen. Det diskuteras också hur ett fullständigt eller partiellt vidhäftningsbrott på verkar sprutbetongförstärkningens bärförmåga.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2017. p. 75
Series
TRITA-BKN. Bulletin, ISSN 1103-4270 ; 150
Keywords
Shotcrete, cracking, shrinkage, block load, varying thickness, numerical simulations, fibre reinforcement
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-205311 (URN)978-91-7729-368-2 (ISBN)
Presentation
2017-05-17, B21, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo)
Note

QC 20170418

Available from: 2017-04-18 Created: 2017-04-12 Last updated: 2022-06-27Bibliographically approved
2. Structural behaviour of shotcrete in hard rock tunnels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural behaviour of shotcrete in hard rock tunnels
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Tunnels in hard and jointed rock are normally excavated in an arch shape to enable the rock mass to support its weight. Since the beginning of the 1980's, fibre reinforced shotcrete (FRS) in combination with rock bolts have been the dominating support method for hard rock tunnels. This type of rock support is a complex composite structure in which the structural behaviour depends on interaction between shotcrete, rock and bolts. The design is commonly based on a rock mass classification system in combination with analytical solutions or finite element (FE) modelling. However, the in-situ variations of important properties of the shotcrete are normally neglected.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and explain how the variations in shotcrete thickness and bond strength affect the structural behaviour and capacity for a shotcrete lining. Especially, the influence of local variations in shotcrete thickness and bond strength has been studied in detail. For this purpose, a numerical framework capable of simulating bond failure, cracking of FRS and pull-out failure of grouted rock bolts have been developed. Moreover, in-situ data for shotcrete thickness and bond strength have been collected and analysed to characterize  the variations in important shotcrete parameters.

The results in this thesis show that when shotcrete is subjected to shrinkage, local variations in shotcrete thickness affects the crack pattern. However, the number and width of the cracks are similar to the case with uniform thickness. Most importantly, a pattern of fine and narrow cracks develops in unreinforced shotcrete subjected to shrinkage when a continuous bond to the rock exists. When shotcrete is subjected to the load from a loose block, the force is transferred to the surrounding rock through bond stresses distributed over a narrow band. Simulations have shown that the structural capacity, with respect to bond failure, depends on the shotcrete thickness. Moreover, a strong linear correlation was found between the mean value of the bond strength and shotcrete thickness around the perimeter of the block and the structural capacity. Local weak areas, i.e. with low bond strength or thickness, may exist around the perimeter without having a significant effect on the structural capacity. Design of bolt-anchored shotcrete linings is based on failure modes previously derived from experimental testing. This thesis has contributed to an increased understanding of the failure mechanisms of the lining and has confirmed that the design can be based on individual failure mechanisms.

Abstract [sv]

Sedan borjan av 1980-talet har stalfiberarmerad sprutbetong i kombination med bergbultar varit den dominerande bergforstarkningen for tunnlar i hart berg. Den har typen av forstarkning ar en komplex samverkanskonstruktion vars strukturella beteende styrs av interaktionen mellan sprutbetong, berg och bult. Dimensioner­ingen baseras vanligtvis pa ett klassificeringssystem for bergmassan i kombination med analytiska losningar eller modeller baserade pa finita elementmetoden. I dessa fall bortser man oftast fran de i fa.It forekommande variationerna hos sprut­betongens viktiga egenskaper. Syftet med denna avhandling ar forklara och beskriva hur variationerna i sprut­betongens tjocklek och vidhaftning paverkar <let strukturella beteendet och bar­formagan hos bergforstarkningen. Framforallt har lokala variationer i sprutbeton­gens tjocklek och vidhaftning studerats. For att genomfora detta har ett numeriskt ramverk utvecklats som kan simulera uppsprickning av fiberarmerad sprutbetong, vidhaftningsbrott och utdrag av injekterade bergbultar. Dessutom har faltdata samlats in och analyserats for att karaktarisera fordelningen av viktiga sprutbe­tongegenskaper. Resultaten i den har avhandlingen visar att lokala variationer i sprutbetongens tjocklek paverkar sprickmonstret nar sprutbetongen krymper. Antalet sprickor och <less vidd ar liknande dem som uppstar nar tjockleken ar jamn. En viktig slutsats ar att ett manga sprickor med liten sprickvidd uppstar nar oarmerad sprutbetong med kontinuerlig vidhaftning till berget krymper. Nar sprutbetongen utsatts for lasten fran ett lost bergblock overfors lasten till den omkringliggande bergmas­san langs ett tunt band. Numeriska simuleringar har visat att barformagan med avseende pa vidhaftningsbrott beror pa sprutbetongens tjocklek. Dessutom visade simuleringarna att <let finns ett starkt linjart samband mellan medelvardet for sprutbetongens tjocklek och vidhaftningshallfasthet langs block­ets periferi och <less barformaga. Lokala ytor med liten tjocklek eller vidhaft­ningshallfasthet kan finnas runt periferin utan att paverka barformagan. Dimen­sioneringen av bultforankrad sprutbetong ar baserad pa brottmoder framtagna utifran experiment. Den har avhandlingen har bidragit med en okad forstaelse kring dessa brottmoder och visat att dimensioneringen bar baseras pa individuella brottmoder.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2020. p. 78
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 209
Keywords
shotcrete, structural behaviour, material models, rock support, bond strength, fibre-reinforcement
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273010 (URN)978-91-7873-498-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-06-04, Registrera dig här: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_Bp8dzpcbQMKNNOGyj51R2g, Du som saknar dator/datorvana kan kontakta thoyra@kth.se för information / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), 379
Note

QC 20200513

Not duplicate with DiVA 1591262

Available from: 2020-05-13 Created: 2020-05-12 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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Sjölander, AndreasAnsell, Anders

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