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A comparative study of microstructure and magnetic properties of a Ni–Fe cemented carbide: Influence of carbon content
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2754-6196
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4825-7430
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1102-4342
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2019 (English)In: International journal of refractory metals & hard materials, ISSN 0263-4368, Vol. 80, p. 181-187Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Due to the renewed interest in alternative binders for cemented carbides it is important to understand how the binder composition influences not only mechanical properties but also the microstructure and related measurements for quality control. Microstructure and chemical composition of WC-Co is often evaluated by magnetic measurements. However, when the binder composition deviates significantly from conventional Co-based binders it should not be assumed that the standard measurements can be used to directly evaluate the same parameters. In this paper we investigate the influence of relative C-content on the microstructure and magnetic properties of an alternative binder cemented carbide. It is shown that the saturation magnetization is related to the relative C-content and the magnetic coercivity is related to the microstructure, more specifically to the binder phase distribution, but could not be directly linked to the carbide grain size in the same manner as for standard WC-Co. Furthermore, a direct correlation between Curie temperature and saturation magnetization is observed for this system which means that the Curie temperature potentially could be used for calibration of empirical relations or as a method to accurately determine the binder volume fraction.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd , 2019. Vol. 80, p. 181-187
Keywords [en]
Alternative binder, Cemented carbide, Cermet, Cobalt substitution, Magnetic properties, Metal-matrix composite, Microstructure
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246465DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.01.014ISI: 000460992100018Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85060087544OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-246465DiVA, id: diva2:1299190
Note

QC 20190326

Available from: 2019-03-26 Created: 2019-03-26 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Towards computational materials design and upscaling of alternative binder cemented carbides
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards computational materials design and upscaling of alternative binder cemented carbides
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Increasing demands on economic, social and environmental sustainability throughout society is putting pressure on the development of new and improved materials for resource efficiency, improved component life-time and substitution of toxic or rare elements. For the cemented carbide industry, as a major provider of tools for e.g. mining and metal cutting which are integral parts of many production chains, this may require complete or partial substitution of cobalt. Cobalt ore is primarily mined in conflict regions and cobalt powder has been shown to be carcinogenic upon inhalation. Substitution of this element could therefore have significant impact on several aspects of society. However, it is far from trivial to substitute this critical element in cemented carbide production. Nearly a century of materials and product development has made state-of-the-art cemented carbides with cobalt binder phase one of the most successful engineering materials. Over the years, accumulated investments throughout the supply chain has made these materials indispensable in industrial production. When envisioning cobalt substitution, it is therefore critical to generate new methods for accelerated materials development and standardised materials qualification. This will enable faster and more reliable development of new materials with the potential to substitute cobalt throughout the industry.

The present thesis is focused on the continued development of an integrated computational materials engineering framework for materials design as well as the development of quality control methods for alternative binder cemented carbides. The existing computational framework is here extended with a model for fracture toughness which allows for property trade-off between hardness and toughness. The extended framework is shown to replicate experimentally well-established property combinations and is thereby applicable for computational design of cemented carbides for specific applications. Furthermore, conventional quality control methods based on magnetic properties are evaluated and further developed for alternative binder cemented carbides. Combining these results on computational materials design and the steps towards standardised quality control has the potential to greatly accelerate future development of cemented carbides, both for cobalt substitution and for improved component life-time.

Abstract [sv]

Ökande krav på ekonomisk, social och miljömässig hållbarhet i samhället sätter press på utvecklingen av nya och förbättrade material för resurseffektivitet, ökad komponentlivslängd och substitution av toxiska ämnen. Inom hårdmetallindustrin, som producerar verktyg till exempelvis gruvbrytning och metallbearbetning vilket är centrala delar av många produktionskedjor, kan detta kräva total eller partiell substitution av kobolt. Koboltmineral utvinns huvudsakligen i konfliktregioner och koboltpulver har visats vara cancerogent vid inhalering. Koboltsubstitution kan därför ha betydande effekt på flera aspekter av samhället. Det är däremot långt ifrån trivialt att ersätta en så central komponent i hårdmetallproduktion. Närmare ett århundrande av material- och produktutveckling har gjort modern hårdmetall med kobolt som bindefas till ett av de mest framgångsrika materialen. Genom åren har ackumulerade investeringar genom hela leverantörskedjan gjort dessa material oumbärliga inom industriell produktion. I samband med visionen om koboltsubstituton är det därför kritsikt att generera nya metoder för accelererad materialutveckling och standardiserad materialkvalificering. Detta skulle medföra snabbare och mer tillförlitlig utveckling och introduktion av nya material med potential att ersätta kobolt genomgående i industrin. 

Den här avhandlingen fokuserar på fortsatt utvekling av ett beräkningsbaserat ramverk för materialdesign enligt konceptet ”Integrated Computational Materials Engineering” samt utvecklingen av metoder för kvalitetskontroll av hårdmetall med alternativa bindefaser. Den existerande beräkningsplattformen utvecklas vidare med en modell för brottseghet. Detta medför möjligheten att med hjälp av beräkningar göra avvägningar mellan hårdhet och seghet genom design av mikrostrukturen. Det utökade ramverket påvisas upprepa empiriskt väletablerade samband mellan mikrostruktur och mekansika egenskaper och kan därmed tillämpas för beräkningsbaserad materialdesign av hårdmetall för specifika tillämpningar. Utöver detta utvärderas tillämpbarheten av konventionella metoder för kvalitetskontroll, baserade på magnetiska egenskaper, för hårdmetall med alternativa bindefaser. En kombination av resultaten kring beräkningsbaserad materialdesign och stegen mot standardiserad kvalitetskontroll har potential att accelerera framtida utveckling av hårdmetall, både för koboltsubstitution och förbättrad materiallivslängd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 160
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2020:5
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266818 (URN)978-91-7873-433-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-02-21, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-01-31 Created: 2020-01-24 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Defects in Austenitic Steels and Hard Metals - A DFT-based Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Defects in Austenitic Steels and Hard Metals - A DFT-based Study
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Materials are never 100% pure due to the limitation of purification method or manufacturing process. Nor are they perfect, especially under deformation. The present work aims to explore different roles played by the defects in austenitic steels and hard metals.

The first focus is iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) based twinning induced plasticity(TWIP) steels which are a category of austenitic materials showing a good combination of high strength and ductility. The planar fault is fundamental for the TWIP mechanism. First, the γ-surface of pure γ-Fe (fcc-Fe) is calculated for different magnetic states. Next, the effects of alloying elements, including Mn,interstitial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), are addressed. The γ-surface includes several prominent stacking fault energies that are fundamental for, e.g, predicting critical twinning stress and twinnability. The present work compares the γ-surface obtained at different magnetic states, including nonmagnetic (NM), paramagnetic(PM), antiferromagnetic single-layer (AFMI) and double-layer (AFMD) states. The local magnetism significantly influences the γ-surface. In addition, the existing antiferromagnetic (AFM) order results in two different deformation paths inγ-Fe, leading to the generations of superlattice intrinsic stacking fault (SISF) and complex stacking fault (CSF), respectively. The intrinsic stacking fault energy corresponding to SISF is relatively low while its corresponding unstable stacking fault energy is relatively high. The magnetic structures are investigated in the unstable stacking fault and the intrinsic stacking fault configurations via Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The MC results show that only SISF configuration is favourable, and the two distinctive unstable stacking fault configurations may coexist.

The Mn effect on the γ-surface of γ-Fe is studied at AFMI state and the crystal tetragonality is considered. The comparison with experimentally measured stacking fault energy (SFE) dependence on Mn composition shows that the AFMI results reproduce better the experimental trend in high-Mn Fe-Mn alloys than the PM results. Further, the interstitial alloying effects of C and N on the γ-surface of γ-Fe are investigated and no remarkable difference is observed betweenthe C and N impacts. The interaction between dislocation and interstitial atoms, which is fundamental to understand the phenomenon like dynamic strain ageing (DSA), is studied using the generalized stacking fault as an approximation of the partial dislocation core. The minimum migration energy path (MEP) and migration energy surface (MES) of C in the dislocation core of AFMD γ-Fe are calculated. In contrast to the common assumption that the interstitial atoms are stationary during the passage of fast-moving dislocations, the present work suggests that a pair of dislocation partials are capable of moving C atoms forward on the slip plane by one full Burgers vector. Moreover, at the stacking fault ribbon and especially near the dislocation core, the in-plane diffusion energy barriers of C are significantly reduced compared to that in the bulk, rendering a fast diffusion channel for C. The proposed mechanisms for C transport and diffusion are not decided by local magnetic order and can be used to explain the strain rate dependent formation kinetics of twinning or hexagonal close-packed (hcp) martensite in C-alloyed TWIP steels or high entropy alloys. Similarly, the ab initio results show that the diffusion energy barrier of N in the dislocation core is approximately 14.9% of that in the bulk. According to experimental observations, carbon promotes while N suppresses the DSA. However, the different C and N effects on the DSA cannot be understood from current thermodynamic investigations.

The defects in the binder phase of hard metals (cemented carbides) are another important topic in this thesis. The interstitial tungsten (W) and C defects in hard metals come from the sintering process during industrial manufacturing. The cemented carbides are composite materials made of tungsten carbide (WC) grains glued together by a binder phase. Typically, the binder phase consists of ductile cobalt (Co) and some amount of dissolved W and C. The measurement ofthe magnetic saturation is one method employed for quality control of cemented carbides. Despite the great success of Co, a substitute of Co is needed due to its rising price and health threats. The substitution of a material in production processes can be complex. Ideally, manufacturing processes and quality controls should be used as usual or at least new ones have to be devised in a simpleway. The present work selects 85Ni-15Fe (85 at.% of Ni and 15 at.% of Fe) to demonstrate the relation between the magnetic saturation and the components of the binder phase of cemented carbides using ab initio method, which providesa non-destructive quality control method in cemented carbides.

Abstract [sv]

Järn-Mangan (Fe-Mn)-baserade twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) stål är en kategori av austenitiska material som har en kombination av hög hållfasthet och god duktilitet. För att få en mer tydlig bild av olika roller som spelas av defekter i Fe-Mn-baserade legeringar med ytcentrerad kubisk struktur (fcc), specifikt deras effekter på mekaniska egenskaper och magnetiska strukturer, beräknas först γ- ytan för rent γ-Fe vid olika magnetiska tillstånd. Därefter behandlas effekterna av legeringsämnet mangan och de interstitiella legeringsämnena kol (C) och kväve (N).

γ-ytan innehåller flera framstående staplingsfelenergier som är grundläggande för att, till exempel, förutsäga kritisk spänning för tvilllingbildning och twinnability . Vi jämför γ-ytan som erhålls vid olika magnetiska tillstånd, inklusive ickemagnetisk (NM), paramagnetisk (PM), antiferromagnetiskt enkelskikt (AFMI) och dubbelskikt (AFMD). Det har visat sig att det lokala magnetiska momentet väsentligt påverkar γ-ytan. Dessutom resulterar den befintliga antiferromagnetiaka (AFM) ordningen i två olika deformationsvägar i γ-Fe. De två olika deformationsvägarna leder till generering av intrinsiska supergitterstaplingsfel (SISF) respektive komplexa staplingsfel (CSF), där den intrinsiska staplingsfelenergin motsvarande SISF är relativt lägre medan den motsvarande instabila staplingsfelenergin är relativt högre. Vi undersöker sedan de magnetiska strukturerna nära det instabila staplingsfelet och det intrinsiska staplingsfelet med Monte Carlo (MC) simuleringar. Vi fann att närvaron av stapelfel ändrar fördelningen av magnetiska moment för på bulkmaterial. Och i verkligheten är det bara SISF som är gynnsamma med avseende på CSF, men de två distinkta instabila stapelfelkonfigurationerna kan samexistera.

Effekten av Mn på γ-ytan för γ-Fe studeras vidare i AFMI-tillståndet och kristall-tetragonaliteten beaktas. Jämförelsen med experimentellt uppmätt staplingsfelsenergi (SFE) beroende av Mn-innehållet visar att AFMI-resultaten reproducerar den trend som observeras experimentellt i hög-Mn Fe-Mn-legeringar bättre än PM-resultaten. Vidare undersöks effekterna av de interstitiella legeringsämnena C och N på γ-ytan för γ-Fe och ingen märkbar skillnad observeras mellan C och N-tillsats. Vi beräknar lägsta migrationsenergiban (MEP) och migrationsenergi yta (MES) för C i dislokationskärnan i AFMD γ-Fe. Vi föreslår att ett par partiella förflyttningar kan flytta C-atomer framåt på glidplanet med en hel Burgers-vektor. Vid staplingsfelsbandet och speciellt nära den partiella dislokationskärnan minskas dessutom energibarriärerna för C-diffusion betydligt jämfört med den i bulk, vilket ger en snabbdiffusionskanal för C. På liknande sätt visar inte N-diffusionsbeteendet någon signifikant skillnad jämfört med C, vilket indikerar att orsaken till att N undertrycker dynamic strain aging (DSA) medan C främjar DSA inte kan förstås fullständigt från nuvarande termodynamisk forskning.

Slutligen presenterar vi också en teoretisk studie där vi använder de beräknade effekterna av inlöst C och volfram (W) på det totala magnetiska momentet för en FeNi-bindefas i hårdmetall för att framgångsrikt beräkna W-koncentration i bindefasen vilket möjliggör icke-förstörande kvalitetskontroll.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 83
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2020:15
Keywords
defects, austenitic steels, cemented carbides, ab-initio
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273258 (URN)978-91-7873-497-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-06-05, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_uqGMc4x8QwWk4TPfSb5TFA, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC)Vinnova
Available from: 2020-05-12 Created: 2020-05-12 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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Linder, DavidHou, ZiyongXie, RuiwenHedström, PeterStröm, ValterBorgenstam, Annika

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