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Frost reduction in mechanical balanced ventilation by efficient means of preheating cold supply air
Faculty of Engineering, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany.
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sustainable Buildings.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5938-4614
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sustainable Buildings. Uponor AB, Västerås, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6266-8485
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sustainable Buildings. Bravida Holding AB, Hägersten, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5902-2886
2019 (English)In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2019, Vol. 609, article id 052007Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This study has focused on evaluating the financial potential of wastewater and geothermal heat recovery systems in a multi-family building. The recovered heat was used to improve the performance of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) system during the coldest days in central Sweden. The main issue, which was targeted with these solutions, was to reduce frost formation in the system and hence increase its thermal efficiency. By looking at the life cycle cost over a lifespan of 20 years, the observed systems were being evaluated economically. Furthermore, statistical analyses were carried-out to counter the uncertainty that comes with the calculation. It was found that the studied wastewater systems have a high possibility of generating savings in this period, while the one fed by geothermal energy is less likely to compensate for its high initial cost. All designed systems however, managed to reduce operational cost by 35-45% due to lower energy usage.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2019. Vol. 609, article id 052007
Series
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, ISSN 1757-8981 ; 609
National Category
Building Technologies
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257495DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/609/5/052007Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85074526110OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-257495DiVA, id: diva2:1347240
Conference
The 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings (IAQVEC), 5-7 September 2019, Bari, Italy
Note

QC 20200911

Available from: 2019-08-30 Created: 2019-08-30 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Sustainable building ventilation solutions with heat recovery from waste heat
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sustainable building ventilation solutions with heat recovery from waste heat
2019 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The energy used by building sector accounts for approximately 40% of the total energy usage. In residential buildings, 30-60% of this energy is used for space heating which is mainly wasted by transmission heat losses. A share of 20-30% is lost by the discarded residential wastewater and the rest is devoted to ventilation heat loss.

 

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the thermal potential of residential wastewater for improving the performance of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems during the coldest periods of year. The recovered heat from wastewater was used to preheat the incoming cold outdoor air to the MVHR in order to avoid frost formation on the heat exchanger surface.

 

Dynamic simulations using TRNSYS were used to evaluate the performance of the suggested air preheating systems as well as the impact of air preheating on the entire system. Temperature control systems were suggested based on the identified frost thresholds in order to optimally use the limited thermal capacity of wastewater and maintain high temperature efficiency of MVHR. Two configurations of air preheating systems with temperature stratified and unstratified tanks were designed and compared. A life cycle cost analysis further investigated the cost effectiveness of the studied systems.

 

The results obtained by this research work indicated that residential wastewater had the sufficient thermal potential to reduce the defrosting need of MVHR systems (equipped with a plate heat exchanger) in central Swedish cities to 25%. For colder regions in northern Sweden, the defrosting time was decreased by 50%. The temperature control systems could assure MVHR temperature efficiencies of more than 80% for most of the heating season while frosting period was minimized. LCC analysis revealed that wastewater air preheating systems equipped with temperature stratified and unstratified storage tanks could pay off their costs in 17 and 8 years, respectively.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 1928
Keywords
wastewater heat recovery, balanced mechanical ventilation, defrosting reduction, heat recovery efficiency, thermal load shifting, renewables
National Category
Building Technologies
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256567 (URN)978-91-7873-297-5 (ISBN)
Presentation
2019-09-20, M108, Stora konferensrummet, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), D6563
Note

QC 20190830

Available from: 2019-08-30 Created: 2019-08-28 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Advances in Ventilation Heat Recovery: An assessment of peak loads shaving using renewables
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Advances in Ventilation Heat Recovery: An assessment of peak loads shaving using renewables
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The building sector accounts for approximately 40% of total global energy usage.In residential buildings located in cold climate countries, 30-60% of this energy isused for space heating, 20–30% is lost by discarded residential wastewater, and therest is devoted to ventilation heat loss.Sweden experienced a construction boom during the so-called Million Programme(MP) in the 1960s and 1970s. A retrofit requirement of buildings constructed duringthis era shifted from pure exhaust ventilation to mechanical ventilation with heatrecovery (MVHR), which peaked in Swedish dwellings between 1990 and 2000. It isestimated that 43% of Swedish multi-family buildings built during this decade wereequipped with MVHR systems. A common problem with efficient MVHR systemsis frost formation during cold winter hours when cold outdoor air and humid, warmreturn air exchange heat in the air handling unit. Outdoor air preheating usinglocally available renewable heat sources has been an alternative solution to preventfrost formation in the heat exchanger.The main objective of this work was to investigate the solutions for improving theperformance of MVHR systems during the coldest periods of the year. The primaryfocus was frosting, a critical problem in MVHR units that operate duringcold periods. The recovered heat from discarded wastewater and the local geothermalenergy were the two investigated renewable heat sources used to preheat theincoming cold outdoor air to the MVHR in order to prevent frost formation on theheat exchanger surface.The performance of the suggested outdoor air preheating systems and the impactof air preheating on the entire system’s thermal efficiency were evaluated by TRNSYSdynamic simulations. Temperature control systems were proposed based onthe identified frost thresholds to efficiently use the limited thermal capacity ofwastewater and maintain a high heat recovery of MVHR. Two outdoor air preheatingsystems configurations with temperature-stratified and -unstratified tanks weredesigned and compared. A life cycle cost analysis was applied to further investigatethe cost-effectiveness of the studied systems.Detailed heat transfer simulation of the ventilation heat exchanger revealed thatwhen condensation occurred in the heat exchanger, the heat transfer rate betweenthe return airflow and the plate increased significantly. This was reflected by asharp increase in the plate temperature, increasing the supply air temperature tothe building. Monitoring the relative humidity of the airflow at the inlet of theheat exchanger and using the onset values of frosting/condensation suggested in this work will allow a more precise and proactive prediction of freezing and moreefficient utilization of outdoor air preheating resources.The results obtained from the simulation of building energy usage indicated thatresidential wastewater had sufficient thermal potential to reduce the defrosting needfor MVHR systems (equipped with a plate heat exchanger) in central Swedish citiesto 25%. For colder regions in northern Sweden, the defrosting time was decreased by50%. The suggested temperature control systems ensured high MVHR temperatureefficiencies above 80% for most of the heating season, while the frosting period wasminimized. LCC analysis revealed that outdoor air preheating systems equippedwith temperature stratified wastewater tank and an unstratified storage tank couldpay off their investment costs in 17 and 8 years, respectively.

Abstract [sv]

Byggsektorn står för cirka 40% av den totala globala energianvändningen. I bostadshus belägna i länder med kallt klimat används 30–60% av denna energi för uppvärmning av rum, 20–30% går förlorat i utgående avloppsvatten och resten är ventilationsvärmeförluster.

Sverige upplevde en byggboom under det så kallade miljonprogrammet (MP) på 1960- och 1970-talen. Byggnader från denna tid har haft behov av renovering från ren frånluftsventilation till mekanisk ventilation med värmeåtervinning (FTX). Omställningen nådde sin topp mellan 1990 och 2000. Uppskattningsvis 43% av svenska flerfamiljshus byggda under detta decennium utrustade med FTX-system. Ett vanligt problem med effektiva FTX-system är frostbildning under kalla vintertimmar när kall uteluft och fuktig, varm returluft har värmeutbyte i aggregatet. Förvärmning av uteluft med lokalt tillgängliga förnybara värmekällor har varit en lösning för att förhindra frostbildning i värmeväxlaren.

Huvudsyftet med detta arbete var att undersöka lösningar som förbättrar prestandan hos FTX-system under årets kallaste perioder. Det primära fokuset var frostbildning, ett kritiskt problem i MVHR-enheter som är i drift under kalla perioder. I denna undersökning var återvunnen värme ur utgående avloppsvatten och lokal geotermisk energi två förnybara värmekällorna som användes för att förvärma den inkommande kalla utomhusluften till FTX-systemet. Detta för att förhindra frostbildning på värmeväxlarens ytor.

Prestandan hos föreslagna förvärmningssystem för inkommande utomhusluft liksom luftförvärmningens inverkan på hela termiska systemeffektiviteten utvärderades med dynamiska simuleringar i TRNSYS. Temperaturkontrollsystem, baserade på identifierade trösklar för frostbildning, föreslogs för att effektivt kunna nyttja det begränsade termiska energiinnehållet i avloppsvattnet och få hög värmeåtervinning med FTX. Två konfigurationer för förvärmning av utomhusluft med temperaturskiktade respektive oskiktade tankar skapades och jämfördes. Livscykelkostnadsanalys användes för att ytterligare undersöka kostnadseffektiviteten hos de studerade systemen.

Detaljerad simulering av värmeöverföring i ventilationsvärmeväxlare visade att när kondens uppstod i värmeväxlaren ökade värmeöverföringen mellan returluftflödet och plattan avsevärt. Detta resulterade i kraftig ökning av platttemperaturen och ökade tilluftstemperaturen till byggnaden. Övervakning av relativa luftfuktigheten i luftflödet vid värmeväxlarens inlopp och användning av i detta arbete föreslagna startvärdena för frostbildning/kondensering, kommer att möjliggöra en noggrannare proaktiv förutsägelse av tillfrysningen. Det innebär också effektivare utnyttjande av utomhusluftens potential för förvärmning.

Resultaten från simuleringar av byggnaders energianvändning visade att avloppsvatten från bostäder har termisk potential att minska avfrostningsbehovet. Med FTX-system och plattvärmeväxlare i mellersta Sverige kunde avfrostningsbehovet i vissa fall minska till 25%. För kallare regioner i norra Sverige minskade avfrostningstiden med 50%. De föreslagna temperaturkontrollsystemen säkerställde hög FTX-temperatureffektivitet, dvs. över 80% under större delen av uppvärmningssäsongen, samtidigt som perioden för frostbildning minimerades. LCC-analys visade att förvärmningssystem för utomhusluft utrustade med temperaturskiktad avloppsvattentank, alternativt oskiktad lagringstank kunde betala av sina investeringskostnader på 17 respektive 8 år.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 53
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2210
Keywords
Peak heat load shaving, renewable energy, ventilation heat recovery, frosting in heat exchangers, Heat transfer, förnybar energi, ventilation värmeåtervinning, frosting i värmeväxlare, värmeöverföring
National Category
Building Technologies
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311057 (URN)978-91-8040-199-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-05-25, B1, Brinellvägen 23, KTH Campus, videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/meeting/register/u5Isc-mgpzgvGdDxOSX0llWTSCEcifcpIGA7, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencySvenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF)National Board of Housing, Building and Planning
Note

QC 20220422

Available from: 2022-04-22 Created: 2022-04-14 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Nourozi, BehrouzWang, QianPloskic, Adnan

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