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Democracy and Planning: Contested Meanings in Theory and Practice
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Urban and Regional Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8223-9290
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

"Democracy" is a frequently used concept in the Western planning field. Scholars, practitioners, and citizens alike regularly deploy it to both explain and contest the nature and legitimacy of urban governance. And yet, in the planning literature, the concept of democracy itself is rarely explained or debated. The assumption being made is that its root meaning for planning is self-evident or agreed upon: public participation in, or mobilization against urban governance. However, my argument in this thesis proceeds from the opposite assumption: that far from self-explanatory or accepted, the contested meanings ascribed to democracy play a central role in shaping conflicts and experiences in planning—both in the literature and in practice. My overarching aim is to contribute with knowledge on this role by specifically examining what the substantial meaning of democracy is assumed to be according to actors in the field; that is, among planning scholars, practitioners, and citizens.

The thesis is comprised of a cover essay and four empirical papers based on qualitative case study research on local authority planning in Sweden. In the cover essay, I explore the meanings ascribed to democracy among planning actors, first, by conducting a careful reading of key theoretical texts in the field and, second, by analyzing the individual papers’ key findings.

To help elicit these rarely explained, often implicit democratic meanings among planning actors, I develop a theoretical framework based on the work of historian Pierre Rosanvallon. He understands the democratic project as a ceaseless attempt to resolve the fundamental indeterminacy as to what constitutes its substantial meaning. This perpetual project is nourished by a deep-seated incompatibility between three of democracy’s central ideological components: voluntarism, rationalism, and liberalism. Their incompatibility stems from how each of them is regularly mobilized in response to the pathological tendencies ascribed to the other. These responses, in turn, can be empirically charted by how actors implicitly assume the role of "guardianship" over different "democratic temporalities"; manifested as repeated clashes between competing meanings as to what constitutes democracy’s substantial essence.

By applying this framework to planning theory and practice, I highlight a striking range and depth in democratic meanings among actors in the field. Moreover, the many debates in planning theory and conflicts in planning practice come across as being deeply nourished by these competing meanings—often in ways that are only partially explicit and thus have been rather neglected in the literature. But examining planning through the lens of democracy not only provides critical insights into the nature of its conflicts, it also challenges the established assumption that treats the meaning of democracy as exclusively intrinsic to participation or citizen action.

My intention with the thesis is not to advance the merits of one or another specific understanding of the essence of democracy, nor to promote a questionable relativism around its meaning. On the contrary, the intention is to stress that if our ambition is to challenge the broadly technocratic and neoliberal governance practices currently the norm in the field, we need to understand—and render contestable—those specific circumstances, ideals, and even democratic meanings that inform them.

Abstract [sv]

Ett av de mest förekommande begreppen i det västerländska planeringsfältet är "demokrati". Bland planeringsforskare, planerare och medborgare används det regelbundet för att både förklara och bestrida samhällsplaneringens roll och legitimitet. Men i planeringslitteraturen brukar själva demokratibegreppet varken förklaras eller diskuteras. Litteraturens antagande vilar på att demokratins betydelse för planering redan är vedertagen och accepterad: medborgardeltagande i, eller medborgaraktivism mot stadsplaneringsprocesser. Mitt argument i denna avhandling vilar dock på det motsatta antagandet: att demokratibegreppets omtvistade betydelse i själva verket spelar en nyckelroll i planeringens många konflikter – både i litteraturen och i praktiken. Mitt övergripande syfte är att bidra med kunskap kring denna roll genom att specifikt undersöka vad demokratins väsentliga betydelse anses vara enligt olika aktörer i fältet, det vill säga bland forskare, planerare och medborgare.

Avhandlingen är organiserad i ett sammanläggningsformat bestående av en kappa och fyra empiriska artiklar baserade på kvalitativ fallstudieforskning om kommunal samhällsplanering i Sverige. I kappan undersöker jag demokratiförståelser bland aktörer i planeringen genom, först, en noggrann läsning av centrala teoretiska texter i fältet och, sedan, genom en analys av de enskilda artiklarnas centrala fynd.

Till hjälp för att skilja ut dessa sällan förklarade, ofta implicita demokratiförståelser bland planeringsaktörer utvecklar jag ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på historikern Pierre Rosanvallons arbete. Han förstår det demokratiska projektet som ett ständigt försök att komma till rätta med en grundläggande osäkerhet kring vad som utgör demokratins väsentliga betydelse. Detta ständiga projekt underhålls samtidigt av en inneboende konflikt mellan tre av demokratins centrala ideologiska komponenter: volontärism, rationalism och liberalism. Deras konfliktförhållande härrör från hur var och en av dem mobiliseras i reaktion mot de bristfälligheter som upplevs vara inneboende i de andra. Dessa reaktioner kan i sin tur empiriskt kartläggas genom hur aktörer implicit antar rollen som "beskyddare" över olika "demokratiska temporaliteter", vilket ges uttryck genom upprepade konflikter mellan konkurrerande förståelser om vad som utgör demokratins essens.

Genom tillämpningen av detta ramverk på planeringsteori och praktik visar jag på ett brett spektrum av demokratiförståelser bland planeringsaktörer. Dessutom framställs många av de återkommande debatterna och konflikterna i planeringen som starkt understödda av dessa konkurrerande förståelser – ofta på ett sätt som inte är helt explicit och därmed ofta förbises i litteraturen. Men analysen ger inte bara kritiska insikter kring vad som ofta utgör kärnan i dessa konflikter, den utmanar också det etablerade antagandet där demokratins betydelse framställs som inneboende kopplat till medborgardeltagande och engagemang.

Min avsikt med avhandlingen är inte att visa på de inneboende fördelarna med en demokratiförståelse över en annan, eller att främja en slags relativistisk debatt kring dess olika förståelser. Tvärtom så är avsikten att poängtera att om vår ambition är att utmana de teknokratiska och neoliberala praktikerna som för närvarande genomsyrar planeringen, så behöver vi synliggöra de specifika omständigheter, ideal och till och med demokratiförståelser som inspirerar dem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. , p. 136
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2021
Keywords [en]
Democracy, Democratic theory, Planning, Public participation
Keywords [sv]
Demokrati, Demokratiteori, Planering, Medborgardeltagande
National Category
Human Geography
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis; Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278562ISBN: 978-91-7873-571-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-278562DiVA, id: diva2:1454134
Public defence
2020-09-14, Register in advance for this webinar: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_WOnBSDgBQIyrAU94vl1P7w, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC20200819

Available from: 2020-08-19 Created: 2020-07-14 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Placing the Action in Context: Contrasting Public-centered and Institutional Understandings of Democratic Planning Politics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Placing the Action in Context: Contrasting Public-centered and Institutional Understandings of Democratic Planning Politics
2018 (English)In: Planning Theory & Practice, ISSN 1464-9357, E-ISSN 1470-000X, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 345-362Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In recent years public-centered understandings of democracy have become important inspirations for scholarly debates concerning the democratization of planning processes. In this article we caution that an exclusively public-centered understanding of planning democracy risks obscuring how public engagements in planning processes always unfold within the context of longer trajectories and broader landscapes of the evolution of democracy. In the article we counterpoint a particularly sophisticated public-centered conceptualization of democracy developed by philosopher Noortje Marres to the more historical-institutional understanding of Pierre Rosanvallon. By applying both analytical frameworks to an empirical case, we show that although Marres' public-centered approach can productively advance understandings of key dynamics in how public action in planning processes unfolds, its narrow focus on the 'heat of the action' in such episodes produces analytical blind spots with regards to the wider prerequisites and ramifications of these events. Therefore we conclude by suggesting that public-centered analyses of democracy in planning processes are at their most helpful when complemented with a more institutional understanding of the contexts within which public engagements in planning unfold.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2018
Keywords
Democracy, politics, planning, public-centered, institutional
National Category
Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232800 (URN)10.1080/14649357.2018.1479441 (DOI)000439495300004 ()2-s2.0-85048764410 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2013-1282
Note

QC 20180802

Available from: 2018-08-02 Created: 2018-08-02 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
2. From a "Planning-Led Regime" to a "Development-Led Regime" (and Back Again?): The Role of Municipal Planning in the Urban Governance of Stockholm
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From a "Planning-Led Regime" to a "Development-Led Regime" (and Back Again?): The Role of Municipal Planning in the Urban Governance of Stockholm
2018 (English)In: DISP, ISSN 0251-3625, E-ISSN 2166-8604, Vol. 54, no 4, p. 46-58Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Much recent research has pointed out the generally declining influence of planning on urban development, often explaining this trend with major structural shifts in the world economy. In this paper we take a somewhat different tack founded upon a "devil is in the detail" intuition. Tracing the City of Stockholm's urban governance landscape over the course of a century, we examine how overarching patterns of change are reflected in and reproduced through the organisation of local planning and development administrations. Our point is not to dispute the relevance of broader structural explanations, but rather to suggest that any ambition to change the currently dominant development-led regime must combine more general understandings of broad international trends with a detailed understanding of the concrete institutional mechanisms that come to produce specific patterns of effects at a particular time and place. The paper argues that for urban planning to be promoted as a governance of place, more research on identifying the critical institutional mechanisms which enable or constrain the realisation of particular policy goals is needed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2018
National Category
Human Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-243985 (URN)10.1080/02513625.2018.1562797 (DOI)000456324100007 ()2-s2.0-85060134174 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190221

Available from: 2019-02-21 Created: 2019-02-21 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
3. The politics of new urban professions: The case of urban development engineers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The politics of new urban professions: The case of urban development engineers
2019 (English)In: Planning and Knowledge: How New Forms of Technocracy Are Shaping Contemporary Cities / [ed] Mike Raco, Federico Savini, Bristol: Policy Press, 2019, p. 181-195Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Bristol: Policy Press, 2019
National Category
Human Geography
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273933 (URN)
Note

QC 20200624

Part of ISBN 978-1-4473-4524-4

Available from: 2020-06-01 Created: 2020-06-01 Last updated: 2024-10-23Bibliographically approved
4. The democratic legitimacy of public participation in planning: Contrasting optimistic, critical, and agnostic understandings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The democratic legitimacy of public participation in planning: Contrasting optimistic, critical, and agnostic understandings
2020 (English)In: Planning Theory, ISSN 1473-0952, E-ISSN 1741-3052, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 349-370Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

How does public participation in planning and environmental governance engender democratic legitimacy? Drawing a distinction between the optimistic and critical participation literature, I argue that both these strands of research have tended to neglect the public’s perspective on this question. This oversight has, in effect, produced strongly normative and essentialist understandings of democratic legitimacy that treat legitimicy as intrinsic to either process or substance of participatory governance. Proceeding from an anti-essentialist understanding of democratic legitimacy, which primarily relies on contemporary social perceptions and expectations of democratic institutions, I outline a normatively agnostic framework for exploring how legitimacy is engendered through participation. Using this framework to investigate citizen experiences of participation processes in Sweden, I highlight how democratic legitimacy can gainfully be understood as a multidimensional, provisional, and contingent quality that individual citizen participants “confer” and “retract” in a plurality of ways. Based on this, I conclude by suggesting that sustained research engagement with the public’s expectations and experiences of participatory governance can reveal critical insights into the potentials and challenges for realizing democratic planning outcomes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAGE Publications, 2020
Keywords
agnostic perspective, citizen perspective, deliberative democracy, democratic legitimacy, participatory democracy, participatory governance, participatory planning
National Category
Public Administration Studies
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-268272 (URN)10.1177/1473095219897404 (DOI)000507074500001 ()2-s2.0-85077380955 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250228

Available from: 2020-03-19 Created: 2020-03-19 Last updated: 2025-02-28Bibliographically approved

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