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A new generation of hospital operating room ventilation
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sustainable Buildings.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7032-3049
2020 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Surgical site infection is responsible for 38 percent of reported infections after surgery. This infection increases mortality and treatment costs, and prolongs the hospitalization of patients. Bacteria-carrying particles are the main cause of surgical site infection and one of the main sources of these particles is skin fragments released from the surgical personnel during an ongoing surgery. Ventilation systems reduce the concentration of bacteria-carrying particles by supplying clean air in the operating room. The performance of operating room ventilation systems is affected by internal disruptions such as medical equipment, surgical lamps, number of staff and their behaviour during the surgery.

Using computational fluid dynamics, this thesis investigates the airflow behaviour and distribution of the contamination in the operating room under the presence of various internal disruptions. In this regard, three common ventilation systems are considered: laminar airflow, turbulent mixing and temperature-controlled airflow ventilations. This study tries to overcome the weaknesses of the ventilation systems by providing sustainable solutions and continuously being in contact with design companies.

It is common to use warming blankets to prevent reduction in the core body temperature of the patient during major surgeries. However, there is a major concern that these blankets disrupt the supplied airflow, which results in rising contaminant concentration. Most of the studies about warming blankets are clinical works and it is still not clear whether or not these blankets should be used. The results of the present study show that using warming blankets had no impact on increase of contamination level at the surgical zone. However, one common type of warming blanket – a forced-air warming blanket – can considerably increase the concentration of bacteria-carrying particles at the wound area if it becomes contaminated.

The simulated results of the airflow field and particle tracking showed that the laminar airflow ventilation system was disturbed more easily by the local heat loads than overall heat loads in the operating room.

Surgical lamps are considered as an obstacle in the supplied airflow path. These lamps create a stagnant area above the operating table and increase the contamination level. In this regard, a novel design of surgical lamp, a fan-mounted surgical lamp, was introduced to operating rooms.This device was used in the operating rooms equipped with laminar airflow and mixing ventilation system. The simulated results revealed that this lamp significantly reduced the contamination level at the operating table.

Visualization techniques were adopted to teach and improve the understanding of surgical personnel about transmission of contaminated particles in operating rooms. Here, a virtual and augmented reality interface was used to visualize the impact of differences in ventilation principle, surgical staff constellation and work practice.

Abstract [sv]

Infektioner relaterade till kirurgiskt ingrepp utgör 38 % av rapporterade infektioner efter operation. Dessa infektioner ökar dödligheten och behandlingskostnaderna samt förlänger patienternas sjukhusvistelse. Bakteriebärande partiklar är den främsta orsaken till infektion vid kirurgi. Huvudkällan till dessa partiklar är hudfragment som frigörs från kirurgisk personal under en pågående operation. Genom att tillföra ren luft via ventilationssystemet kan koncentrationen av baktebärande partiklar i operationssalen minskas. Ventilationssystemets förmåga att ventilera salen påverkas av föremål som stör luftströmmen, som exempel medicinsk utrustning, kirurgiska lampor samt av närvarande personal och deras beteende under operationen.

Med avancerade numeriska strömningsberäkningar undersöks i denna avhandling luftflöden och fördelningen av föroreningar i operationssalen under inverkan av sådana störningar. Tre olika ventilationssystem inkluderas. Ett för laminärt luftflöde, ett för turbulent omblandning och ett för temperaturreglerad luftströmning. I studien kartläggs ventilationssystemens funktion och relevansen prövas i ett kontinuerligt samarbete med tillverkande industri.

Användning av värmefiltar förekommer under större operationer för att hålla patientens kroppstemperatur stabil. Det finns emellertid en stor oro för att dessa filtar stör det tillförda luftflödet och därmed ökar föroreningsnivån. En vanlig typ av värmefilt med forcerad varmluft kan om den är förorenad avsevärt öka koncentrationen av bakteriebärande partiklar i sårområdet. De flesta undersökningar om värmande filtar är kliniska studier och det är fortfarande inte helt klarlagt i vilken mån och hur dessa filtar skall användas. Denna studie visar emellertid att användning av värmefiltar inte påverkar föroreningsnivån i den kirurgiska zonen. Gjorda datorsimuleringar av luftflödesfältet och partikelspårning visar att det laminära ventilationsflödet lättare störs av lokala värmebelastningarna än av generella värmebelastningar i operationssalen.

Kirurgiska lampor betraktas som hinder i en planerad luftflödesväg. Lampor kan skapa en stillastående luftmassa ovanför operationsbordet och därmed öka föroreningsnivån. För detta introduceras en ny design av kirurgisk lampa, en fläktmonterad kirurgisk lampa för operationsrum, utrustade med laminärt luftflöde och omblandning. Simulerade resultat visar att denna nya kirurgiska lampa signifikant minskar föroreningsnivån vid operationsbordet.

Visualiseringsteknik användes i denna studie för att förbättra förståelsen hos kirurgisk personal om hur förorenade partiklar kan spridas i operationssalen. Med ett virtuellt och förstärkt gränssnitt visualiserades föroreningshalter i rumsluften då olika typer av ventilationssystem användes. Visualiseringen visar också hur kirurgigruppens storlek och arbetsställning under operation påverkar spridningen av föroreningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. , p. 35
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2032
Keywords [en]
Ventilation systems, bacteria-carrying particles, airflow behaviour, operating room, computational fluid dynamics, surgical site infection
Keywords [sv]
Ventilationssystem, bakteriebärande partiklar, luftflödesbeteende, operationsrum, numerisk strömningsmekanik, kirurgirelaterad infektion
National Category
Other Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Fluid and Climate Theory
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284542ISBN: 978-91-7873-676-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-284542DiVA, id: diva2:1484199
Presentation
2020-11-26, Anmälan / Registration: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_XmcrRmGdSfi8I7i1Nzs1JQ, Du som saknar dator/datorvana kan kontakta Sasan Sadrizadeh ssad@kth.se / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm (English), Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017- 01088Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), 2016 – 07213
Note

QC 20201103

Available from: 2020-11-03 Created: 2020-10-28 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Numerical investigation of the impact of warming blankets on the performance of ventilation systems in the operating room
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical investigation of the impact of warming blankets on the performance of ventilation systems in the operating room
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Advances in Building Energy Research, ISSN 1751-2549, E-ISSN 1756-2201, p. 1-23Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Patient warming is an efficient approach to preventing hypothermia during surgeries. Hypothermia increases the risk of postoperative infections, bleeding, transfusion demand, prolonging postoperative recovery, drug metabolism duration and vasoconstriction. Although the use of warming blankets addresses the problem of a decrease in a patient’s core body temperature, concern remains that the heat emitted by these warming blankets can disturb the supplied clean air by the ventilation system and thus increase the contamination level of airborne particles.

The main purpose of this study is to numerically investigate the impact of using warming blankets on the performance of two common ventilation systems – unidirectional flow and mixing ventilation – in an operating room. The effect of using forced-air and conductive warming blankets on the distribution of bacteria-carrying particles and airflow behaviour were simulated in the operating room. The results showed that applying the forced-air warming blanket considerably increased the average air temperature at the wound area and under the surgical drape. Thus, the forced-air warming blanket can be more effective than the conductive blankets in warming the patient during the surgery. However, using the contaminated forced-air warming blanket resulted in a considerable increase in the contamination concentration at the wound surface.

Keywords
Airborne particles, Hypothermia, Unidirectional flow ventilation, Mixing ventilation, Computational fluid dynamics
National Category
Other Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Fluid and Climate Theory
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284538 (URN)10.1080/17512549.2021.2009911 (DOI)000731211300001 ()2-s2.0-85121706457 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017- 01088Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), 2018-05973
Note

QC 20220607

Available from: 2020-10-28 Created: 2020-10-28 Last updated: 2025-04-24Bibliographically approved
2. Impact of surgical lamp design on the risk of surgical site infections in operating rooms with mixing and unidirectional airflow ventilation: A numerical study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of surgical lamp design on the risk of surgical site infections in operating rooms with mixing and unidirectional airflow ventilation: A numerical study
2020 (English)In: Journal of Building Engineering, E-ISSN 2352-7102, Vol. 31, article id 101423Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Operating room (OR) ventilation plays an important role in mitigating the spread of bacteria-carrying particles (BCPs) and preventing the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs). The use of surgical lamps in ORs is critical for patient safety and staff comfort. However, the surgical lamp serves as an obstruction in the ventilation airflow and also as a source of heat generation, which often creates a stagnant area under the lamp. Such a stagnant area is normally poorly ventilated, where a significant amount of BCPs can accumulate. As the lamp is usually positioned above the patient to illuminate the wound, the accumulation of airborne BCPs under the lamp leads to a high risk of infections and constitutes a threat to patient safety. Therefore, we proposed an innovative design of the surgical lamp, that is, the fan-mounted surgical lamp. The performance of this new design of lamp was compared with the conventional closed-shape lamp under two ventilation strategies: mixing and unidirectional airflow (UDF) ventilation. To account for different working conditions, both the horizontal and 45° orientations were applied to the lamps. We employed numerical simulations to predict the BCPs contamination in the proximity of the surgical site, as it is directly related to the risk of SSIs. The results showed that the fan-mounted lamp considerably reduced the level of contamination under both ventilation strategies. Results also suggested that the contamination level cannot be effectively reduced by only adjusting the orientation of the closed-shape lamp under unidirectional airflow ventilation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Bacteria-carrying particles, Mixing ventilation, Surgical lamp, Surgical site infections, Unidirectional airflow ventilation
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Fluid and Climate Theory
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276284 (URN)10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101423 (DOI)000541164300006 ()2-s2.0-85083494682 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200707

Available from: 2020-06-22 Created: 2020-06-22 Last updated: 2023-03-08Bibliographically approved
3. The impact of heat loads on the performance of the unidirectional airflow ventilation system in an operating room
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The impact of heat loads on the performance of the unidirectional airflow ventilation system in an operating room
2021 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Airborne particles are the main cause of surgical site infections in operating rooms . The ventilation systems are crucial for diluting and removing the airborne particles from the operating room environments. The unidirectional airflow ventilation system is one of the common ventilation that is used in infection-prone surgeries. However, obstacles such as surgical staff and medical lamp may affect the unidirectional-ventilated airflow and consequently, reduce the washing effect of the ventilation. The aim of this study is to numerically investigate the impact of the heat loads on the airflow behaviour and particle distribution in an operating room equipped with unidirectional airflow ventilation system. In this regards, overall heat loads including the equipment, overhead lamps, and medical lamps were considered in the simulated cases. The computational fluid dynamics technique was used to simulate the airflow patterns and Airborne particles distribution. The applied numerical model was validated based on the measurement data. Results showed that the unidirectional airflow ventilation system exhibited satisfactory stability under diverse range of heat loads and can provide acceptable protection for the wound area during the surgery.

Keywords
Unidirectional airflow ventilation, Heat loads, Airborne particles, Operating room
National Category
Other Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Fluid and Climate Theory
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284540 (URN)
Conference
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Conference 2021, Athens,Greece
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017-01088Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), 2016 – 07213
Note

QCR

Available from: 2020-10-28 Created: 2020-10-28 Last updated: 2023-03-08Bibliographically approved
4. Impact of the surgical lamp design on the airflow and contamination level in an operating room : a numerical assessment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of the surgical lamp design on the airflow and contamination level in an operating room : a numerical assessment
2020 (English)In: 16th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate: Creative and Smart Solutions for Better Built Environments, Indoor Air 2020, 1 November 2020, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Increasing antibiotic resistance in humans during the last decades converts the surgical site infections as one of the main concerns in health-care system. The ventilation systems are considered as the main tool to provide clean air in operating rooms. Although laminar air flow ventilation systems are among the most common system for operating rooms, the number of surgical staff, surgical lamps and door openings can affect the performance of the ventilation system.The main goal of this study is to numerically investigate whether a fan-mounted surgical lamp can reduce the level of bacteria carrying particles within the surgical zone of an operating room with the laminar airflow ventilation system. In this regards, two types of surgical lamps were considered: a closed-shape lamp and a fan-mounted lamp. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were applied to map the airflow patterns and bacteria carrying particles. The simulated results showed that the lamp with fan resolved the problem of the low-velocity area under the closed-shape lamp and the contamination level reduced successfully to an acceptable level.

Keywords
Laminar airflow, Surgical lamp, Bacteria carrying particles, Computational fluid dynamics simulation
National Category
Other Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Fluid and Climate Theory
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284541 (URN)2-s2.0-85101595010 (Scopus ID)
Conference
16th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality & Climate 2020, Seoul, South Korea, 16th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality & Climate 2020, Seoul, South Korea
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017-01088Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), 2016 – 07213
Note

QC 20210628

Available from: 2020-10-28 Created: 2020-10-28 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Sadeghian, Parastoo

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