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A parametric numerical study of factors influencing the thermal icepressure along a dam
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2594-4107
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3586-8988
2020 (English)In: Proceedings of the 25th IAHR International Symposium on Ice (Trondheim, 2020), Trondheim, 2020, article id 8563Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The uncertainty regarding size and variation of the ice pressure constitute one of the mainsignificant sources of concern for condition assessment of concrete dams in cold regions. Inmost current dam safety guidelines, the design ice load is determined solely from thegeographic location of the dam. However, factors such as variation in temperature and waterlevel, the slope of the banks, wind etc. may also influence the size of the load. Previousmeasurements indicate that the pressure on a dam varies along the dam line during the sametime and that the average ice pressure decreases as the area of the ice-structure interface isincreased. This paper presents numerical studies on how the ice pressure varies along the damwall. A finite element model that includes several dam monoliths, the ice and the beaches ofthe reservoirs are used to simulate thermal ice loads. The pure elastic load caused by therestrained expansion of an ice sheet subjected to a change in thermal gradient are greater thanthe design ice load in current dam safety guidelines and the loads measured. The simulationsshow that the ice load vary significantly along the dam, and the variation in cross-sectionstiffness along the dam greatly influence the magnitude of the total ice pressure. Theparameter study shows that the elastic thermal ice load increases with an increased slope ofthe banks, reservoir length, and ice thickness and decreases as the angle of the connectionbetween the dam and bank increases. However, the difference in ice load between theindividual monoliths with the same geometry and temperature change are in several cases ofthe same magnitude as the variation in the external factors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trondheim, 2020. article id 8563
Series
IAHR International Symposium on Ice, ISSN 2414-6331
Keywords [en]
Ice load; dam; concre dam; cold regions
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301284OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-301284DiVA, id: diva2:1591703
Conference
25th IAHR International Symposium on Ice
Note

Part of proceedings: ISBN 978-82-7598-120-0

QC 20210907

Available from: 2021-09-07 Created: 2021-09-07 Last updated: 2023-04-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. A systems approach to ice loads on concrete dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A systems approach to ice loads on concrete dams
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Dams are mainly used for the storage of water to electricity production and irrigation, or for river regulation. Continuous work to assure a high dam safety level is a prerequisite to minimize the risk for the uncontrolled release of water. An essential part of the safety evaluation of concrete dams is to understand the loads they are exposed to and the expected response of the dam. Under normal conditions, the behaviour of concrete dams is, to a great extent, governed by the ambient variation in temperature and water level. For concrete dams in cold climates, the large variation in ambient temperatures between summer and winter is particularly significant. In addition, these dams may be subjected to a pressure load from the expansion or movement of an ice sheet on the reservoir. The current guidelines for these ice loads are based on the dam's location and state that concrete dams must be designed for a line load of 50-250 kN/m. Thus, the ice load constitutes a significant part of the total load, especially for small dams. Despite its relatively significant impact, the knowledge about ice loads is insufficient, and the magnitude and return period of ice loads constitute one of the greatest uncertainties during stability evaluations of concrete dams. Furthermore, an apparent contradiction is that measurements and models indicate that ice loads are higher than the recommended values. Simultaneously, there are no reported dam failures where the ice-load has been addressed as the reason for the breach.

To increase the knowledge about ice loads and the structural behaviour of concrete dams, this thesis applies an approach where the ice and the dam are parts of a structural system. The thesis contains six studies investigating the dam's, the ice's or the system's response to external loads.  Studies of the dam are aimed at increasing the understanding of the normal behaviour of concrete dams. Studies of ice loads include measurements, and a major contribution from this project is the development of a 1$\times$3 m$^2$ ice load panel, the installation of the panel on a concrete dam, and subsequent measurements during six winters. In addition, a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous measurements have been performed. The studies of the different parts have been connected through two studies of the entire system. The first is a parameter study where the static interaction between ice and dam is simulated to quantify how geometric variations of the reservoir and ice affect the mechanical ice loads. The second study searches for detectable influence from the ice load in the measured behaviour of concrete dams.

The results show that the structural behaviour of concrete dams under normal conditions is primarily governed by the variation in water level and temperature. For the studied dams, these effects are significantly larger than the influence from damage and degradation. Ice load measurements and simulations show that ice loads varies significantly along the dam. This variation makes it difficult to quantify the impact of external factors on the magnitude of ice loads. Despite this difficulty, three independent analyses show that ice thickness, water level change, and the dam's properties have an evident effect on the magnitude of ice loads. If current guidelines are to be updated to consider local conditions at the dam, these three parameters should be included. Ice loads of the magnitudes measured and specified in the current guidelines should have a notable impact on the behaviour of a dam during normal operation. However, such an impact has not been found in the eight dams studied within this project. This result indicates that the ice loads measured locally do not necessarily represent the global ice load that acts on the entire structure.

Abstract [sv]

Dammar används främst för att lagra vatten för elproduktion och bevattning eller för flödesreglering. Ett kontinuerligt arbete med att säkerställa en hög dammsäkerhetsnivå är en förutsättning för att minimera risken för ett okontrollerat utsläpp av vatten från dessa dammar. En viktig del av säkerhetsutvärdering av betongdammar är förståelse för de laster som dessa utsätts för samt kunskap om dammens förväntade respons. Under normala förhållanden påverkas en betongdamms strukturella beteende främst av variationer i vattennivån och de omgivande temperaturerna. För betongdammar i kallt klimat är den stora variationen i temperatur mellan sommar och vinter särskilt betydande. Dessutom kan dessa dammar utsättas för ett tryck från expansion och rörelse hos det istäcke som kan bildas på magasinet. För betongdammar utgör storleken på denna islast en betydande osäkerhet. De nuvarande riktlinjerna är geografiskt baserade och anger att betongdammar ska dimensioneras för en linjelast med storleken 50-250 kN/m. En sådan storlek innebär att islasten, särskilt för små dammar, utgör en betydande del av den totala lasten. Trots dess relativt stora påverkan är kunskapen om islaster låg och utgör för tillfället en av de största osäkerheterna vid utvärdering av betongdammars stabilitet. Det finns dessutom en motsättning där mätningar och modeller visar att islasten är högre än de rekommenderade värdena, samtidigt som det inte finns några rapporterade dammhaverier orsakade av islast.

I denna avhandling behandlas isen och dammen som ett system för att på sätt öka förståelse kring både islaster och betongdammars beteende under normal drift. Avhandlingen innehåller sex enskilda studier som studerar dammens, isens eller systemets respons till yttre variationer. Dammen har studerats genom transienta analyser i syfte att öka förståelsen kring, och upptäcka avvikelser i betongdammars normalbeteende. Isen har studerats genom mätningar där ett stort bidrag från detta projekt är utvecklingen av en 1$\times$3m$^2$ islastpanel, installationen av denna panel på en betongdamm, och efterföljande mätningar under sex vintrar. Dessutom har en systematisk sammanställning och analys av tidigare mätningar genomförts. Dessa studier har sammanlänkats genom två studier av hela systemet. Den första av dessa är en parameterstudie där den statiska interaktionen mellan is och damm simuleras i syfte att kvantifiera hur geometriska variationer hos vattenmagasinet och isen påverkar den mekaniska islasten. Den andra studien innefattar transienta analyser av betongdammars beteende med syfte att detektera inverkan från islast i det uppmätta beteende hos betongdammar.  

Variation i vattennivå och temperatur har större påverkan på det strukturella beteendet under normaldrift hos de studerade dammarna än irreversibla förändringar orsakade av nedbrytningsprocesser och skador. Islastmätningar och simuleringar visar att islasten varierar betydande längs med dammen. Detta försvårar kvantifierandet av inverkan från yttre faktorer på islastens storlek. Trots detta visar tre oberoende analyser att istjocklek, vattennivåförändring och dammens egenskaper har en signifikant påverkan på islastens storlek. Om nuvarande riktlinjer ska uppdateras för att beakta lokala förhållanden vid dammen bör dessa parametrar inkluderas. Islaster av de storlekar som uppmätts och anges i de nuvarande riktlinjerna bör ha en tydlig påverkan på dammens beteende vid normaldrift. En sådan påverkan har dock inte observerats hos de åtta dammar som studerats i detta projekt. Det ger en indikation om att de islaster som mäts lokalt inte nödvändigtvis är representativa för den globala islasten som verkar på hela dammen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 136
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 221
Keywords
Ice loads, Ice pressure, Dam safety, Concrete dams, Cold regions, Monitoring, Measurements
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-306937 (URN)978-91-8040-115-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-02-09, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Videolink - Password 627271 - https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66770434327?pwd=NkZRMk9KdWU2S0U5dmtTVERsL05rZz09, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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QC 20220111

Available from: 2022-01-11 Created: 2022-01-11 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Hellgren, RikardMalm, Richard

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