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Ice load measurements on Rätan concrete dam using different sensor types
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2594-4107
SINTEF Narvik, Norway.
SINTEF Narvik, Norway.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7620-7839
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3586-8988
2022 (English)In: Cold Regions Science and Technology, ISSN 0165-232X, E-ISSN 1872-7441, Vol. 193, article id 103425Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Concrete dams in cold regions are designed to withstand loads from the ice sheet on top of the reservoir. However, the ice load's magnitude and return period are among the most considerable uncertainties in safety assessments of concrete dams. In a previous study, the development and installation of a 1 × 3 m2 prototype ice load panel attached at the upstream face of a concrete dam was presented. The panel is large enough for the ice sheet's cross-section to remain in contact with the panel as the water level varies, and it measures the total ice load without interpolation. This paper presents measurement results from the load panel from winters 2018–19 and 2019–20, an update to the measurement design, and additional ice pressure measurements with traditional stress cells. The panel measured seasonal maximum ice loads of 100 and 200 kN/m for the two winters, respectively. Winter 2019–20, when the panel measured the largest loads, was mild for the location, with great ice thickness near the dam face (1.2 m) and an almost snow-free ice sheet throughout the winter. Two 2.75 × 1.75 m2 dummy panels were installed adjacent to the load panel prior to the winter 2019–20 to minimize the load panel's protruding effect. These panels significantly reduced the local impact, as evident by the crack-pattern of the ice sheet near the load panel. The load panel recorded large ice loads (>75 kN/m) for all combinations with increasing/decreasing air temperature and/or water level. Identification of temperature change events and water level change events during the winters, shows that a change in air temperature, water level, or any combination of these, is not sufficient alone to explain large ice loads at Rätan dam. These findings suggest that other conditions must be satisfied before a water level or temperature change results in large ice loads. In February 2020, three panels consisting of a steel frame with four stress cells on each were placed on the dummy panels’ upstream face, and one single stress cell was placed 6 m out in the reservoir in front of the load panel. The majority of the stress cells recorded ice pressure larger than their measurement range. At the end of the ice season, only two of the panels’ twelve stress cells were still functional, and the ice vastly deformed the steel frames. From the period before the frames were damaged and unrelated to the choice of interpolation method, the recordings by the three stress cell panels at the dam are among the historically largest inferred ice loads on dams.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2022. Vol. 193, article id 103425
Keywords [en]
Ice load, Concrete dam, Load panel, Stress cells, Ice pressure. Ice thickness
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303904DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103425ISI: 000721725100002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85117401515OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-303904DiVA, id: diva2:1604825
Note

QC 20250328

Available from: 2021-10-21 Created: 2021-10-21 Last updated: 2025-03-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. A systems approach to ice loads on concrete dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A systems approach to ice loads on concrete dams
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Dams are mainly used for the storage of water to electricity production and irrigation, or for river regulation. Continuous work to assure a high dam safety level is a prerequisite to minimize the risk for the uncontrolled release of water. An essential part of the safety evaluation of concrete dams is to understand the loads they are exposed to and the expected response of the dam. Under normal conditions, the behaviour of concrete dams is, to a great extent, governed by the ambient variation in temperature and water level. For concrete dams in cold climates, the large variation in ambient temperatures between summer and winter is particularly significant. In addition, these dams may be subjected to a pressure load from the expansion or movement of an ice sheet on the reservoir. The current guidelines for these ice loads are based on the dam's location and state that concrete dams must be designed for a line load of 50-250 kN/m. Thus, the ice load constitutes a significant part of the total load, especially for small dams. Despite its relatively significant impact, the knowledge about ice loads is insufficient, and the magnitude and return period of ice loads constitute one of the greatest uncertainties during stability evaluations of concrete dams. Furthermore, an apparent contradiction is that measurements and models indicate that ice loads are higher than the recommended values. Simultaneously, there are no reported dam failures where the ice-load has been addressed as the reason for the breach.

To increase the knowledge about ice loads and the structural behaviour of concrete dams, this thesis applies an approach where the ice and the dam are parts of a structural system. The thesis contains six studies investigating the dam's, the ice's or the system's response to external loads.  Studies of the dam are aimed at increasing the understanding of the normal behaviour of concrete dams. Studies of ice loads include measurements, and a major contribution from this project is the development of a 1$\times$3 m$^2$ ice load panel, the installation of the panel on a concrete dam, and subsequent measurements during six winters. In addition, a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous measurements have been performed. The studies of the different parts have been connected through two studies of the entire system. The first is a parameter study where the static interaction between ice and dam is simulated to quantify how geometric variations of the reservoir and ice affect the mechanical ice loads. The second study searches for detectable influence from the ice load in the measured behaviour of concrete dams.

The results show that the structural behaviour of concrete dams under normal conditions is primarily governed by the variation in water level and temperature. For the studied dams, these effects are significantly larger than the influence from damage and degradation. Ice load measurements and simulations show that ice loads varies significantly along the dam. This variation makes it difficult to quantify the impact of external factors on the magnitude of ice loads. Despite this difficulty, three independent analyses show that ice thickness, water level change, and the dam's properties have an evident effect on the magnitude of ice loads. If current guidelines are to be updated to consider local conditions at the dam, these three parameters should be included. Ice loads of the magnitudes measured and specified in the current guidelines should have a notable impact on the behaviour of a dam during normal operation. However, such an impact has not been found in the eight dams studied within this project. This result indicates that the ice loads measured locally do not necessarily represent the global ice load that acts on the entire structure.

Abstract [sv]

Dammar används främst för att lagra vatten för elproduktion och bevattning eller för flödesreglering. Ett kontinuerligt arbete med att säkerställa en hög dammsäkerhetsnivå är en förutsättning för att minimera risken för ett okontrollerat utsläpp av vatten från dessa dammar. En viktig del av säkerhetsutvärdering av betongdammar är förståelse för de laster som dessa utsätts för samt kunskap om dammens förväntade respons. Under normala förhållanden påverkas en betongdamms strukturella beteende främst av variationer i vattennivån och de omgivande temperaturerna. För betongdammar i kallt klimat är den stora variationen i temperatur mellan sommar och vinter särskilt betydande. Dessutom kan dessa dammar utsättas för ett tryck från expansion och rörelse hos det istäcke som kan bildas på magasinet. För betongdammar utgör storleken på denna islast en betydande osäkerhet. De nuvarande riktlinjerna är geografiskt baserade och anger att betongdammar ska dimensioneras för en linjelast med storleken 50-250 kN/m. En sådan storlek innebär att islasten, särskilt för små dammar, utgör en betydande del av den totala lasten. Trots dess relativt stora påverkan är kunskapen om islaster låg och utgör för tillfället en av de största osäkerheterna vid utvärdering av betongdammars stabilitet. Det finns dessutom en motsättning där mätningar och modeller visar att islasten är högre än de rekommenderade värdena, samtidigt som det inte finns några rapporterade dammhaverier orsakade av islast.

I denna avhandling behandlas isen och dammen som ett system för att på sätt öka förståelse kring både islaster och betongdammars beteende under normal drift. Avhandlingen innehåller sex enskilda studier som studerar dammens, isens eller systemets respons till yttre variationer. Dammen har studerats genom transienta analyser i syfte att öka förståelsen kring, och upptäcka avvikelser i betongdammars normalbeteende. Isen har studerats genom mätningar där ett stort bidrag från detta projekt är utvecklingen av en 1$\times$3m$^2$ islastpanel, installationen av denna panel på en betongdamm, och efterföljande mätningar under sex vintrar. Dessutom har en systematisk sammanställning och analys av tidigare mätningar genomförts. Dessa studier har sammanlänkats genom två studier av hela systemet. Den första av dessa är en parameterstudie där den statiska interaktionen mellan is och damm simuleras i syfte att kvantifiera hur geometriska variationer hos vattenmagasinet och isen påverkar den mekaniska islasten. Den andra studien innefattar transienta analyser av betongdammars beteende med syfte att detektera inverkan från islast i det uppmätta beteende hos betongdammar.  

Variation i vattennivå och temperatur har större påverkan på det strukturella beteendet under normaldrift hos de studerade dammarna än irreversibla förändringar orsakade av nedbrytningsprocesser och skador. Islastmätningar och simuleringar visar att islasten varierar betydande längs med dammen. Detta försvårar kvantifierandet av inverkan från yttre faktorer på islastens storlek. Trots detta visar tre oberoende analyser att istjocklek, vattennivåförändring och dammens egenskaper har en signifikant påverkan på islastens storlek. Om nuvarande riktlinjer ska uppdateras för att beakta lokala förhållanden vid dammen bör dessa parametrar inkluderas. Islaster av de storlekar som uppmätts och anges i de nuvarande riktlinjerna bör ha en tydlig påverkan på dammens beteende vid normaldrift. En sådan påverkan har dock inte observerats hos de åtta dammar som studerats i detta projekt. Det ger en indikation om att de islaster som mäts lokalt inte nödvändigtvis är representativa för den globala islasten som verkar på hela dammen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 136
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 221
Keywords
Ice loads, Ice pressure, Dam safety, Concrete dams, Cold regions, Monitoring, Measurements
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-306937 (URN)978-91-8040-115-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-02-09, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Videolink - Password 627271 - https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66770434327?pwd=NkZRMk9KdWU2S0U5dmtTVERsL05rZz09, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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QC 20220111

Available from: 2022-01-11 Created: 2022-01-11 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Hellgren, RikardMalm, Richard

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