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Spherical Indentation Technique for Multiscale Characterisation of Asphalt Mixtures
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9875-3913
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The viscoelastic properties of asphalt  mixtures  strongly  influence the  performance of flexible pavements  with respect to  their resistance to several common distress modes. Therefore, accurate measurement of these properties and their change during the service life is an important area of ongoing research. Despite considerable progress in this field, certain questions are still not fully resolved. In particular, commonly used experimental methods cannot be applied for the viscoelastic characterisation  of  thin asphalt layers and asphalt overlays.  Moreover,  measuring the  viscoelastic properties of the  downscaled sub-phases of asphalt mixtures, such as mastic or mortar, in the field remains a challenge. Understanding the viscoelastic properties of those sub-phases  is crucial  for gaining fundamental insight  into  the mixture performance. In this context, advanced and computationally efficient micromechanical models are also needed in order to establish the quantitative link between the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures and of their sub-phases. This thesis aims to contribute to this important area through  the  development of new experimental and modelling  tools for  the  multiscale characterisation of asphalt mixtures. 

In this thesis, a new micromechanical modelling approach for bitumen-aggregate composites is proposed and used to investigate the mechanical behaviour of mastic, mortar and asphalt mixtures.  To achieve  computational efficiency, the proposed approach is based on a simplified, computer-generated representation of materials internal structure and utilises periodic boundary conditions to reduce the representative volume element size. Based on the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) measurements,  it is shown that the proposed model can capture the measured viscoelastic behaviour of mastics for the range of loading, temperature and material parameters examined.  For  the  modelling of mortar and asphalt mixtures, the multiscale approach is applied in order to improve computational efficiency. Obtained computational results indicate that the developed approach is capable of capturing the mixtures’ macro-scale viscoelastic properties with reasonable accuracy. 

An instrumented indentation test for the viscoelastic characterisation of bitumen and bitumen-aggregate composites, such as mastic, mortar and asphalt mixtures is proposed in this thesis as a new alternative to existing techniques. A new methodology for the indentation testing of linear viscoelastic materials is developed, allowing their characterisation at arbitrary non-decreasing loading.  In order to extend the developed method to the multiscale characterisation of bitumen-aggregate composites, the spherical indentation on different types of asphalt mixtures, such as asphalt mortar, mastic asphalt (MA) and asphalt concrete (AC), has been investigated experimentally and through micromechanical modelling. The effect of the indentation test parameters on the measured apparent viscoelastic properties of bitumen-aggregate composites has been evaluated. A particular emphasis  is put on  the  identification of test parameters corresponding to  the characterisation of binder-aggregate composites on the macroscale as well as on the individual component scale. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed indentation test can capture the macroscale properties of materials reasonably  well, and the obtained results  correlate linearly with the properties measured with established test methods. Furthermore, in order to gain better insight into mastic phase properties from the indentation tests performed on MA and AC, a new statistical analysis procedure has been developed for the evaluation of a series of indentation tests. The developed procedure allows identifying clusters of measurements capturing the mastic-  and aggregate-dominated responses of the asphalt mixture.  The  indentation  measurements attributed to mastic-dominated response are found to be more sensitive to the temperature and mastic properties as compared to the mean measurements of the indentation test series. 

The obtained results  indicate that  the  developed  indentation  test  is a  viable alternative to existing viscoelastic characterisation methods, in particular as the test is quasi-non-destructive and can be used to characterise thin asphalt layers. Furthermore, combined with the developed statistical analysis procedure, indentation testing is a promising tool to monitor the changes in the mastic phase of the materials due to ageing, moisture damage or fatigue from the measurements on asphalt mixtures  without extracting the binder.  The developed micromechanical model can also be used to quantify the effect of  changing mastic properties on the asphalt mixture performance. This is particularly true for the strain localisations in the mastic phase and thus the mixture’s damage resistance. 

Abstract [sv]

Asfaltsblandningars viskoelastiska egenskaper har en stor påverkan på uppträdandet av asfaltsvägar på grund av deras resistens mot flera vanliga skadeorsaker. Precisa mätningar av dessa egenskaper och deras förändringar under deras livslängd är därför ett viktigt område för pågående forskning. Trots omfattande framsteg inom området så har vissa frågor fortfarande inte besvarats helt. I synnerhet kan inte de existerande experimentella metoderna appliceras för viskoelastisk karakterisering av tunna asfaltslager och asfaltslagningar. Dessutom finns inga tillgängliga metoder för mätning av subfaserna av asfaltsblandningar på en mindre skala, såsom mastix, i.e. en blanding av bitumen och partiklar mindre än 64 mikrometer, och asfaltbruk, i.e. en blandning mellan bitumen och stenpartiklar mindre än 2 mm. Förståelse av de viskoelastiska egenskaperna är av största vikt för att få en grundläggande föståelse i blandningens uppträdande. För detta behövs även avancerade och beräkningseffektiva mikromekaniska modeller för att etablera en kvantitativ länk mellan de viskoelastiska egenskaperna hos asfaltsblandningar och deras subfaser. Denna avhandling strävar mot att bidra till detta viktiga område genom utvecklingen av nya experimentella verktyg och modelleringsverktyg för multiskalekarakterisering av asfaltsblandningar.  

I denna avhandling föreslås ett nytt tillvägagångssätt för mikromekanisk modellering som används för att undersöka det mekaniska beteendet av mastix, asfaltbruk och asfaltsblandningar. För att uppnå beräkningseffektivitet baseras det föreslagna tillvägagångssättet på en förenklad, datorgenererad representation av materialens interna struktur och utnyttjar periodiska randvillkor för att reducera storleken på det representativa volymelementet. Med hjälp av mätningar i Dynamisk Skjuvreometer (DSR) visas det att den föreslagna modellen kan fånga det uppmätta viskoelastiska beteendet av mastix för de belastningar, temperaturer och materialparametrar som undersökts. För modelleringen av asfaltbruk och asfaltsblandningar appliceras multiskaletillvägagångssättet för att förbättra beräkningseffektiviteten. De erhållna beräknade resultaten indikerar att det utvecklade tillvägagångssättet är kapabelt att fånga de viskoelastiska egenskaperna på blandningens makronivå med rimlig noggrannhet.  

Ett instrumenterat intrycksprov för viskoelastisk karakterisering av bitumen och kompositer bestående av bitumen och stenmaterial, såsom mastix, asfaltbruk och asfaltsblandningar, föreslås i denna avhandling som ett nytt alternativ till existerande tekniker. En ny metodologi för intrycksprovning av linjära viskoelastiska material har utvecklats, vilket tillåter karakteriseringen av dem vid en godtycklig icke-minskande belastning. För att bredda användningsområdet för den utvecklade metoden till multiskalekarakterisering av bitumen-stenkompositer har den sfäriska intryckningen på olika typer av asfaltsblandningar undersökts experimentellt och genom mikromekanisk modellering. Effekten av de olika parametrarna i intrycksprovet på de mätta viskoelastiska egenskaperna av bitumen-stenkompositerna har utvärderats. Ett särskilt fokus har lagts på identifieringen av provningsparametrar som korresponderar till karakteriseringen av kompositerna på makronivå samt på den individuella komponentnivån. De experimentella resultaten demonstrerar att det utvecklade intrycksprovet kan fånga de testade materialens egenskaper på makronivå på en rimlig nivå och de erhållna resultaten korrelerar linjärt med egenskaperna som mätts med etablerade provningsmetoder. För att få en bättre insikt i mastixfasens egenskaper från intrycksprovningen utförd på asfaltsblandningar, har dessutom en ny statistisk analysprocedur föreslagits för utvärderingen av en serie intrycksprover. Den föreslagna proceduren möjliggör identifiering av kluster av mätningar som fångar asfaltsblandningars mastix-  och stendominerande respons. Intrycksmätningarna som tillskrivs den mastixdominerande responsen konstaterades vara mer känslig för temperatur och mastixens egenskaper jämfört med de genomsnittliga mätningarna.  

De erhållna resultaten indikerar att det utvecklade intrycksprovet är ett lovande alternativ till existerande viskoelastiska karakteriseringsmetoder, särskilt eftersom metoden är kvasi-icke-förstörande och kan användas för att karakterisera tunna asfaltslager. Dessutom är intrycksprovning, i kombination med den utvecklade statistiska analysproceduren, ett lovande verktyg för att övervaka förändringar i mastixfasen i material på grund av åldring, fukt eller utmattning från mätningar på asfaltsblandningar utan att extrahera bindemedlet. Den utvecklade mikromekaniska modellen kan också användas för att kvantifiera effekten av mätta förändringar i mastixens egenskaper på asfaltsblandningens uppträdande med avseende på till exempel töjningslokaliseringarna i mastixfasen och därmed blandningens resistens mot skada. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 56
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2139
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering Applied Mechanics
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304421ISBN: 978-91-8040-038-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304421DiVA, id: diva2:1608650
Public defence
2021-12-03, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, kontakta thoyra@kth.se Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63114415370, Stockholm, 14:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 211104

Available from: 2021-11-04 Created: 2021-11-04 Last updated: 2022-09-22Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. On the Measurement of two Independent Viscoelastic Functions with Instrumented Indentation Tests
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Measurement of two Independent Viscoelastic Functions with Instrumented Indentation Tests
2018 (English)In: Experimental mechanics, ISSN 0014-4851, E-ISSN 1741-2765, Vol. 58, no 2, p. 301-314Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the present paper, a methodology for complete characterization of linear isotropic viscoelastic material with spherical instrumented indentation test is proposed. The developed method allows for measuring two independent viscoelastic functions, shear relaxation modulus and time-dependent Poisson's ratio, from the indentation test data obtained at non-decreasing loading, but otherwise arbitrary. Finite element modelling (FEM) is relied upon for validating the proposed methodology and for quantifying the influence of experimental variables on the measurements accuracy. Spherical indentation experiments are performed on several viscoelastic materials: polyoxymethylene, bitumen and bitumen-filler mastics. The viscoelastic material functions obtained with the indentation tests are compared with the corresponding results from the standard mechanical tests. Numerical and experimental results presented indicate that the methodology proposed allows mitigating the machine compliance and loading rate effects on the accuracy of the viscoelastic indentation tests.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2018
Keywords
Indentation, Viscoelasticity, Mechanics of materials, FEM, Bitumen, Bitumen-filler mastics
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222406 (URN)10.1007/s11340-017-0342-7 (DOI)000423584800008 ()2-s2.0-85030833837 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20211110

Available from: 2018-02-28 Created: 2018-02-28 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. A New Viscoelastic Micromechanical Model for Bitumen-Filler Mastic
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A New Viscoelastic Micromechanical Model for Bitumen-Filler Mastic
2020 (English)In: Construction and Building Materials, ISSN 0950-0618, E-ISSN 1879-0526, Vol. 253, article id 119062Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A new micromechanical model for predicting viscoelastic properties of mastic is proposed and validated with experiments. The developed model is based on the finite element method and allows predicting the viscoelastic properties of mastic by means of the fundamental mechanical and geometrical properties of its constituents. The influence of modelling parameters on the model’s accuracy is evaluated and optimal parameter combinations are identified. It is shown that the proposed model can capture the measured viscoelastic behaviour of mastics for the range of loading, temperature and material parameters examined. Accordingly, it may be a useful tool for optimizing mastics material design meeting the target viscoelastic properties.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2020
Keywords
Mastic, FEM Modelling, Micromechanics, Mineral Filler, Rheology
National Category
Civil Engineering Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272738 (URN)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119062 (DOI)000539379300011 ()2-s2.0-85083517186 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200430

Available from: 2020-04-28 Created: 2020-04-28 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
3. Measurement of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mortar and its components with indentation tests
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measurement of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mortar and its components with indentation tests
2019 (English)In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Reliable determination of material properties is a key component for modelling and performance prediction of asphalt pavements. This paper deals with the potential use of instrumented indentation tests for viscoelastic characterisation of asphalt mortar as a new alternative to existing techniques. The main focus lies on the potential of indentation tests for multi-scale measurement of the shear relaxation modulus. A three-dimensional finite element model of a rigid spherical indenter penetrating an asphalt mortar sample is developed and used to model indentation tests performed at different material scales. The asphalt mortar is modelled as an idealised fine aggregate composite with elastic spheres, suspended within a viscoelastic bitumen mastic matrix. Based on the obtained numerical results the scale-dependency of the shear relaxation modulus measured with the indentation test is investigated. It is shown that the measurement scale is effectively controlled by the size of the indenter-specimen contact area, while the effect of indentation depth is minimal. The minimum contact area size required for obtaining representative properties, measured at the mortar scale, is determined. The viscoelastic parameters obtained from the indentation model are compared to those obtained using a representative volume element (RVE) for the asphalt mortar. In this way, the paper provides a new impulse for linking the mortar and asphalt scales in the multiscale modelling of asphalt mixtures. Feasibility of the proposed testing technique is further evaluated experimentally. Viscoelastic indentation tests are performed on asphalt mastics and mortar at two different sizes of contact areas. Experimental results indicate that indentation tests allow reliable characterisation of mortars relaxation modulus on both macro-scale as well as on individual component level.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2019
Keywords
indentation testing, asphalt mortar, bitumen-filler mastics, multiscale, viscoelasticity, FEM
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255414 (URN)10.1080/14680629.2019.1628434 (DOI)000473928500001 ()2-s2.0-85068229189 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190815

Available from: 2019-08-15 Created: 2019-08-15 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
4. The viscoelastic characterisation of asphalt mixtures using the indentation test
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The viscoelastic characterisation of asphalt mixtures using the indentation test
2021 (English)In: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 22, no sup1, p. S411-S424Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Viscoelastic characterisation of asphalt mixtures is an important component for modelling and performance prediction of flexible pavements. In this study, using spherical indentation testing for measuring the viscoelastic properties of asphalt is explored. Indentation testing may provide an interesting alternative to existing experimental techniques, as it is capable of characterising small material volumes. Thus, it may become a useful tool for the characterisation of thin asphalt layers and for the measurement of binder phase properties in-situ in asphalt mixtures. Spherical indentation tests are performed on two mastic asphalt (MA) mixtures, prepared with different mastic types. The shear relaxation moduli obtained from the indentation tests are compared with the ones measured with seismic and SuperPave Indirect Tensile (IDT) tests. A new statistical analysis methodology is proposed for viscoelastic characterisation of the mastic phase with the indentation tests performed on MA mixtures. The accuracy and sensitivity of the developed method are examined.

Keywords
indentation, asphalt mixtures, bitumen-filler mastic, multiscale, viscoelasticity
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials; Civil and Architectural Engineering; Engineering Mechanics; Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304386 (URN)10.1080/14680629.2021.1907218 (DOI)000639910700001 ()2-s2.0-85104289499 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20211110

Available from: 2021-11-03 Created: 2021-11-03 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
5. A spherical indentation test for quasi-non-destructive characterisation of asphalt concrete
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A spherical indentation test for quasi-non-destructive characterisation of asphalt concrete
(English)In: Materials and Structures, ISSN 1359-5997, E-ISSN 1871-6873Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Abstract [en]

The indentation test is a promising technique for the viscoelastic characterisation of asphalt concrete (AC). Indentation measurements are primarily influenced by the material properties in the direct vicinity of the indenter-specimen contact point. Accordingly, it may become a useful alternative for the characterisation of thin asphalt layers as well as for a quasi-non-destructive AC characterisation in the field. In this study, the spherical indentation test is used to measure the linear viscoelastic properties of AC mixtures extracted from a road test section. The measured complex moduli are compared to those obtained by the shear box test and are found to exhibit a linear correlation. The measurements are further analysed using the Gaussian mixture model to assign each indentation test to either aggregate-dominated or mastic-dominated response. The measurements attributed to mastic-dominated response are found to be more sensitive to the temperature and AC’s binder properties as compared to the average measurements. Accordingly, the proposed test method may provide a promising tool to measure AC viscoelastic properties and monitor the changes in AC binder phase in a non-destructive manner. A finite element micromechanical model is used to identify a representative scale for the response measured in mastic-dominated tests as well as to quantify the effect of measured properties on the AC damage propensity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer
Keywords
asphalt concrete, bitumen, mastic, multiscale, indentation, modelling, viscoelasticity
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials; Civil and Architectural Engineering; Engineering Mechanics; Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304401 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20211110

Available from: 2021-11-03 Created: 2021-11-03 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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