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A Reconfigurable Test Platform For Developing Autonomous articulated Pendulum-Arm Suspension Forest Machines
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Mechatronics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6807-0553
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Mechatronics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5703-5923
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Mechatronics.
2021 (English)In: Proceedings of the 20th International and 9th Americas Conference of the ISTVS / [ed] Massimo Martelli, József Kövecses, Mohit Shenvi, Jenna Dixon, International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems , 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Forest machines travel over rough and rocky terrain and the drivers suffer intensive whole body vibrations. Moreover, the heavy weight of the machine often damages soils and plants in the nature environment, which makes the forest industry less sustainable. Autonomous forest machines that can evenly distribute ground pressure and be remotely supervised are emerging solutions. The development of such vehicles requires not only simulations but also physical experiments. A scaled-down test platform emulating the real forest machine significantly reduces the development cost and improves safety. The machine studied in this paper is an articulated forwarder with six wheels mounted on six pendulum-arms. The angles of the pendulum-arms are controlled individually to balance the tire pressure and keep the chassis horizontal. To date, there is no affordable test platform with the same vehicle design. This paper elaborates the mechanical structure and electronics of the design of such a scaled-down test platform. The test platform is reconfigurable in both mechanical structure and the electronics. Its chassis has three sections connected by two actuated joints. Through the control on the two joints, the vehicle can be configured as two or three body sections. The usage of ROS middleware and the design of the electronic architecture allow easy reconfiguration of perception sensors and control actuators. The test platform uses a master-slave architecture of embedded controllers. The master controller is an on-board embedded computer running Linux. The slave controllers implement dedicated functions on perception, control and communication. The platform has a dedicated router to enable remote access to the system. Each pendulum-arm is controlled by a linear actuator and each wheel is controlled by a BLDC motor. The positions of the six arms are simultaneously coordinated by the master controller, so that the vehicle can travel on uneven terrain with higher speed, less cabin vibration, and a more horizontal chassis. The contribution of this paper is the detailed instruction on the design and manufacturing of a 1:5 scaled-down model of a forest forwarder, which can autonomously navigate in a forest environment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems , 2021.
Keywords [en]
Autonomous Forest Machines, Articulated Forwarder, Pendulum-Arm Suspension
National Category
Mechanical Engineering Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308602Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85124567961OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-308602DiVA, id: diva2:1637042
Conference
20th International and 9th Americas Conference of the International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems, ISTVS 2021, Virtual/Online, 27-29 September 2021
Note

Part of proceedings: ISBN 978-1-942112-52-5

QC 20220215

Available from: 2022-02-11 Created: 2022-02-11 Last updated: 2025-04-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Topographic Estimation, Online Trajectory Rollout, and Experimental Platforms for Autonomous Forest Machines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Topographic Estimation, Online Trajectory Rollout, and Experimental Platforms for Autonomous Forest Machines
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis presents a comprehensive framework for advancing autonomous operations in unstructured terrains, focusing on the forestry industry. The research addresses critical challenges in autonomous systems development by integrating cutting-edge navigation, perception, and control technologies. As automation demand in forestry grows, current systems struggle in unpredictable off-road terrains. Unlike structured road autonomy, forest machines must navigate rough, obstacle-filled landscapes without predefined paths, yet existing solutions lack the needed adaptability. Consequently, forestry remains reliant on manual labor, especially in planting and site preparation, where automation is limited. Tackling these challenges requires smarter autonomous navigation, enhanced machine-terrain interaction, and sustainable automation strategies that boost productivity while reducing environmental impact. Key contributions of this thesis include (1) a novel roll-out path planning algorithm leveraging terrain-vehicle interaction to optimize navigation in rough terrains, validated through simulations and real-world deployments, (2) a sensor fusion method combining LIDAR and stereo camera data to enhance topographic estimation with a good balance between accuracy and coverage, (3) a modular, reconfigurable test platform offering a scalable and cost-effective solution for evaluating autonomous system components, bridging the gap between simulation and real-world testing, and (4) a demonstration prototype system for autonomous plant regeneration, demonstrating the feasibility of fully autonomous forestry operations, including site preparation and planting, reducing environmental impacts, and improving efficiency. By addressing sustainability challenges and introducing robust methodologies for autonomous systems, this work contributes to the broader application of intelligent machinery in forestry and beyond.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling presenterar en omfattande ram för att främja autonoma operationer i ostrukturerade terränger, med fokus på skogsindustrin. Forskningen adresserar kritiska utmaningar inom utvecklingen av autonoma system genom att integrera avancerade teknologier för navigation, perception och styrning. I takt med att efterfrågan på automatisering inom skogsbruk ökar, kämpar nuvarande system med att fungera effektivt i oförutsägbara off-road-miljöer. Till skillnad från strukturerad autonomi på väg måste skogsmaskiner navigera i ojämn, hinderfylld terräng utan fördefinierade vägar. Befintliga navigationslösningar saknar den anpassningsförmåga som krävs för dessa förhållanden. Som ett resultat förblir skogsbruket starkt beroende av manuellt arbete, särskilt inom plantering och markberedning, där automation fortfarande är begränsad. För att hantera dessa utmaningar krävs innovativa tillvägagångssätt för autonom navigation, mer intelligenta interaktioner mellan maskin och terräng, samt hållbara automatiseringsstrategier som ökar produktiviteten samtidigt som den ekologiska påverkan minimeras. De viktigaste bidragen inkluderar (1) en ny metod för roll-out vägplanering som utnyttjar interaktionen mellan terräng och fordon för att optimera navigering i svår terräng, validerad genom simuleringar och fältstudier, (2) en metod för sensorfusion som kombinerar LIDAR- och stereo-kameradata för att förbättra topografisk uppskattning med en god balans mellan noggrannhet och täckning, (3) utvecklingen av en modulär och omkonfigurerbar testplattform som erbjuder en skalbar och kostnadseffektiv lösning för att utvärdera komponenter i autonoma system, vilket överbryggar gapet mellan simulering och verkliga tester, och (4) forskningen kulminerar i projektet "Autoplant", som demonstrerar genomförbarheten av fullt autonoma skogsoperationer, inklusive markberedning och plantering, vilket minskar miljöpåverkan och ökar effektiviteten. Genom att adressera hållbarhetsutmaningar och introducera robusta metoder för autonoma system bidrar detta arbete till en bredare tillämpning av intelligenta maskiner inom skogsbruk och andra områden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 77
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:15
Keywords
Autonomous systems, forest machinery, path planning, sensor fusion, sustainable forestry, robotics, unstructured terrain
National Category
Robotics and automation Computer Vision and Learning Systems Other Mechanical Engineering Forest Science Embedded Systems
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362879 (URN)978-91-8106-253-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-20, Sal Gladan / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63090566219, Brinellvägen 85, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
AUTO2AUTOPLANTAUTOPLANT2AUTOPLANT3
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2025-04-29 Created: 2025-04-29 Last updated: 2025-05-13Bibliographically approved

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Sten, GustavFeng, LeiMöller, Björn

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