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An Incremental Quantity Based Protection with Capacitor Voltage Estimation for Mid-Line Series Compensation
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3463-7793
Hitachi Energy Research, Hitachi Energy, Västerås, Sweden.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0759-4406
2022 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Series capacitors are installed in transmission lines to increase power transfer capacity. However, their addition creates challenges for the line protection. Security and speed of phasor based protection schemes that work with local measurements (communication independent) are severely affected in the presence of series capacitors. Therefore, time-domain based protection methods may be considered as a potential solution for communication independent protection of series compensated lines. In this paper, an incremental quantity based protection scheme is presented for series compensated lines with the capacitor in the middle of the line. The method involves estimating the voltage across the capacitor bank, based on the current in the capacitor bank and metal oxide varistor during faults. Then this capacitor voltage estimation is used to implement the incremental quantity protection. The incremental quantity method consists of fault detection, phase selection, directional discrimination and distance estimation. A PSCAD model of a 500 kV, 200 km transmission line is used to simulate fault cases for evaluating the method. The proposed method is tested with different compensation levels, fault types, fault positions, inception angles, fault resistances and source impedance ratios. The results show that the proposed method can meet the dependability and security demands for the protection of series compensated lines.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Newcastle, United Kingdom, 2022.
Keywords [en]
SERIES COMPENSATION, TIME DOMAIN PROTECTION, INCREMENTAL QUANTITY
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311746OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311746DiVA, id: diva2:1655700
Conference
16th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP), Newcastle, United Kingdom, January 2022.
Funder
SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, FPS12
Note

QC 20220509

Available from: 2022-05-03 Created: 2022-05-03 Last updated: 2023-12-27Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Distance Protection of Transmission Lines with High Levels of Series Compensation: A study on frequency and time domain communication independent distance protection for series compensated lines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Distance Protection of Transmission Lines with High Levels of Series Compensation: A study on frequency and time domain communication independent distance protection for series compensated lines
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Series capacitors are used in electric transmission lines to increase their power transfer capacity. They compensate for the inductive reactance of the line. They offer a useful alternative to building new lines, in view of economic and environmental constraints. However, during transmission line faults, the presence of series capacitors causes problems for distance protection relays. Distance protection is the most widely used protection method in transmission lines, due to its relatively simple working principle and its ability to work with only local measurements of voltage and current. As the number of series compensated transmission lines is increasing, and the typical compensation level is also increasing, it has become essential to investigate protection methods that can be employed in place of traditional distance protection in series compensated lines.

This thesis addresses the problems associated with line protection in the presence of series capacitor compensation. The first part is an assessment of the performance of traditional distance relays in cases with high levels of series compensation. This was based both on simulation studies and on published works describing research studies and industry experience with series capacitor projects and the related line-protection issues. It is concluded that traditional distance protection cannot be used reliably with high levels of series compensation. The second part of the thesis describes some alternative protection methods that are developed and studied as candidates for better single-ended protection of series-compensated lines. These are based on incremental quantities, Lissajous curves and RL/RLC line models. These methods show positive results for single ended protection of series compensated lines.The incremental-quantity based method is fast and operates reliably, but faces under-reach problems with fault resistance. The Lissajous-curve basedmethod can be used as an alternative to the Fourier transform and has some advantages in overcoming inversion situations, but it requires at least a cycle of data to operate. The RL- and RLC-model based solutions can also operate fast, but lose accuracy with higher fault resistances. All the proposed protection methods are extensively tested, using data from fault test cases generated with PSCAD, and algorithms developed in Matlab.

Abstract [sv]

Seriekondensatorer används i elektriska transmissionsledningar för att öka deras kraftöoverföringskapacitet. De kompenserar för ledningens induktiv reaktans. På grund av ekonomiska och miljömässiga begränsningar erbjuder de en användbar alternativ till att bygga nya ledningar. Vid fel i ledningenkan dock seriekondensatorer orsakar problem för distansskyddsreläer. Distansskydd är den mest använda skyddsmetoden hos transmissionsledningar, som konsekvens av sitt relativt enkelt arbetsprincip och av att endast lokala mätningar av spännings och ström behövs. Då det finns ökningar i antalet seriekompenserad transmissionsledningar samt deras kompensationsnivåer, har det blivit väsentligt att utreda skyddsmetoder som kan användas i stället för traditionellt distansskydd.

Denna avhandling tar upp problematiken av reläskydd hos seriekompenseradeledningar. Den första delen är en bedömning av prestationen av traditionella distansskyddsreläer vid fall med höga seriekompenseringsnivåer. Detta baserades både på simuleringsstudier och på publicerade arbeten som beskriverforskningsstudier och branscherfarenhet av skydd hos seriekompenseradeledningar. Man drar slutsatsen att traditionellt distansskydd inte kan användas på ett tillförlitligt sätt med höga seriekompenseringsnivåer. Den andra delen av avhandlingen beskriver några alternativa skyddsmetoder som utvecklas och studeras som kandidater för bättre skydd av seriekompenserade ledningar. Dessa är baserade på inkrementella storheter, Lissajous-kurvor och RL/RLC ledningsmodeller. Dessa metoder visar positiva resultat för kommunikationsoberoende skydd av seriekompenserade linjer. Metoden baserad på inkrementella storheter är snabb och fungerar tillförlitligt, men den har problem med underräckning vid högre felmotstånd. Den Lissajous-kurvabaseradmetoden kan användas som ett alternativ till fourier transform och har vissa fördelar för att övervinna inversionssituationer, men den kräver minst en periodav data. Den RL- och RLC-modellbaserade metoderna kan också fungera snabbt, men de förlorar noggrannhet med högre felmotstånd. Alla föreslagna skyddsmetoder är utförligt testad med data genererade från PSCAD simuleringar och algoritmer utvecklade i Matlab.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 71
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2023:14
Keywords
Series capacitor, Series compensation, Transmission line, Distance protection, Incremental quantity, Lissajous curve, RL model, RLC model, Seriekondensator, Seriekompensation, Transmissionslinje, Distansskydd, Inkrementell kvantitet, Lissajous-kurva, RL-modell, RLC-modell
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323696 (URN)978-91-8040-480-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-03-03, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, FPS12
Note

QC 20230210

Available from: 2023-02-10 Created: 2023-02-09 Last updated: 2023-02-14Bibliographically approved

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Hoq, Md TanbhirWang, JianpingTaylor, Nathaniel

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