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Sensitivity, Variation, and Application of Least-Cost Path Models in Landscape Connectivity Analysis and Corridor Planning
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Geoinformatics. (GIS)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3535-9481
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In recent decades, Rwanda has been affected by the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats for native species of animals and plants. As a consequence, landscape connectivity—i.e., the degree to which a landscape facilitates or impedes the movement of organisms between resource patches—has considerably weakened or is even completely lost, causing detrimental effects on biodiversity, notably the reduction of populations of key native species. In order to counter this problem, one potential solution currently being explored by local planners in Rwanda consists of establishing conservation corridors for organisms to move safely between their habitat remnants. Specifically, this thesis was inspired by a project initiated by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, a conservation non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Rwanda, which consists of establishing a conservation corridor for pollinators.

For their capabilities of storing, processing, and visualizing landscape data, geographic information systems (GIS) have been increasingly popular among conservation biologists and practitioners. Of particular relevance to connectivity analysis and corridor planning is the least-cost path model. A typical use of this model is such that one first estimates the cost for a certain action (e.g., movement by an organism or acquisition by a government) at each location of a given landscape and represents the results in the form of a raster surface, and then measures the degrees of connectivity between patches of interest in terms of effective distances, which are equated with least-cost path distances over the raster cost surface. While the least-cost path model is easy to use and available in virtually any commercial raster-based GIS, we observe that users of it often overlook some important assumptions, the violation of which might greatly affect the validity of the model’s outcome.

The goal of this thesis is to provide a scientific contribution to landscape connectivity analysis and conservation corridor planning by 1) investigating the potential misuse or abuse of the conventional least-cost path model when sufficient information is not available on the underlying cost surface, 2) proposing an alternative model under such a circumstance and 3) demonstrating its relevance to conservation practice. More specifically, for the model to work, it is explicitly or implicitly assumed that, the optimality of a path is evaluated as the sum of the cost-weighted lengths of all its segments—cost-weighted, i.e., multiplied by their underlying cost values. The validity of this assumption must be questioned, however, if cost values are measured on a scale—e.g., an ordinal scale of measurement in Stevens’s typology—that does not permit arithmetic operations. In a typical practice of landscape connectivity analysis and corridor planning, the raster cost surface is created by transforming one or more sets of values (e.g., land cover type, land ownership, and elevation) attributed to cells into another set of such values (representing cost) through a function reflecting one or more criteria. A question arises: how certain can one be about the correctness of such a cost estimation function?

There are at least four issues in the application of the least-cost path model to landscape connectivity analysis and corridor planning under uncertainty. First, while it is generally anticipated that different cost estimation functions lead to different least-cost paths (hence to different effective distances or different corridor locations), little is known on how such differences arise (or do not arise). Second, while it is generally recognized that the location and length of a least-cost path are both sensitive to the spatial resolution of the raster cost surface, little is known if they are always sensitive in the same way and to the same degree and if not, what makes them more (or less) sensitive. Third, when it is difficult to establish a fully connected corridor between target habitat areas (e.g., because of surrounding anthropogenic activities), the least-cost path (which is by definition fully connected) may not be useful at least in its original form. Lastly, even if the conventional least-cost path model may have inconsistent results in theory, it may well be continued to be used in practice, unless there is a sound alternative to it.

The issues raised above are addressed through four studies corresponding to four respective papers which are appended to this thesis. While the first three studies use artificial landscape data generated by computers with varying spatial and non-spatial characteristics, the fourth study uses data on a real landscape. The first study (Paper 1) evaluates how the locations and lengths of least-cost paths (the latter of which are referred to as least-cost distances) vary with change in cost estimation parameters. This is done through a series of computational experiments, in which each of the artificial landscapes is converted into different cost surfaces by systematically varying parameters of a cost-estimation function, on which least-cost paths are generated. The locations and lengths of those paths are statistically analyzed to find sources of their variation. The second study (Paper 2) investigates how the least-cost distance is affected by the spatial resolution of the corresponding cost surface. This is also done through a series of computational experiments, in which each of the artificial landscapes is converted into a cost surface, which is, in turn, converted into different cost surfaces (different, i.e., only in their spatial resolutions) by systematically aggregating grid cells. Then, the statistical behavior of the ratio of the least-cost distance measured on a lower-resolution cost surface to that measured on a higher-resolution cost surface is analyzed. The third study (Paper 3) proposes the mini-max path model as an alternative to the least-cost path model. Unlike the conventional model (in which the optimality of a path is based on the sum of its length multiplied by the underlying cost values), the alternative model determines the optimality of a path using the length of a segment(s) of the path that intersects the cells having the maximum cost value (with a special tie-breaking rule). The performances of the two models are tested in one of the following two assumptions at a time: the cost values are measured on an ordinal scale or on a ratio scale. The fourth study (Paper 4) applies the model proposed in the third study to an ongoing conservation project of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International that plans to design a ‘stepping-stone’ corridor—which is not fully connected but takes the form of a sequence of fragmented forest patches—between two core habitat areas of pollinator birds between two protected areas in Rwanda. The project does not have complete information on the study area and the target species and thus the project staff can only rank land cover types in terms of their suitability/cost for being part of the corridor. The utility of the model is tested with different assumptions on the behavior of the birds (e.g., minimum stepping stone size) as well as on the cost associated with the implementation of the corridor (e.g., cost for planting shrubs along the corridor to encourage the birds to use it).

The first study finds that the same pair of terminal cells may well be connected by different least-cost paths on different cost surfaces though derived from the same landscape data. The variation among those paths is highly sensitive to the forms of spatial and non-spatial distributions of landscape elements (which cannot be controlled by users of the least-cost path model) as well as by those of cost values derived from them (which may be, at least indirectly, controlled by users of the model). The second study finds that least-cost distances measured on lower-resolution cost surfaces are generally highly correlated with—and useful predictors of—effective distances measured on higher-resolution cost surfaces. This relationship tends to be weakened when linear barriers to connectivity (e.g., roads and rivers) exist, but strengthened as distances increase and/or when linear barriers (if any) are detected by other presumably more accessible and affordable sources such as vector line data. The third study confirms the effectiveness of the conventional least-cost path model on ratio-scaled cost surfaces but finds that the alternative mini-max path model is mathematically sounder if the cost values are measured on an ordinal scale and practically useful if the problem is concerned not with the minimization of cost but with the maximization of some desirable condition such as suitability. The fourth study demonstrates the utility of the mini-max path model by effectively casting the stepping stone corridor problem as a special case of it. The model allows for a rapid first delineation of candidate routes for stepping stone corridors and facilitates the early exploratory stages of conservation projects.

Major implications of this thesis to the research and practice in landscape connectivity analysis and conservation corridor planning with raster-based GIS are summarized as follows.

  • When sufficient information is available for quantification of cost values, the conventional least-cost path model is a reasonable approach to use.
  • However, it is worth trying or at least acknowledging alternatives that do not rely on the quantitative-cost assumption if the value of each cell only indicates the ordinal category of cost of intersecting that cell. Note in particular that information used for cost estimation in practice (e.g., expert opinions or public surveys) are often of subjective and qualitative nature.
  • The highest-resolution data may not always be most effective—much less, most cost-effective—for the task being undertaken. The choice of spatial resolution of the input raster data can significantly affect the output of the least-cost path model. Thus it should be consistent to the amount of spatial details needed, which should be estimated based on adequate ecological and geographical knowledge on the landscape and species being studied.
  • It is not always obvious that a given spatial planning task can be effectively cast as an instance of an existing spatial optimization model. Therefore, knowledge exchange and collaboration are important between conservation biology and GIScience.
Abstract [sv]

Under de senaste decennierna har Rwanda drabbats av fragmentering och förlust av naturliga livsmiljöer för inhemska arter av djur och växter. Som en följd av detta har landskapets konnektivitet—det vill säga i vilken grad ett landskap underlättar eller försvårar förflyttning av organismer mellan livsmiljöer—avsevärt försvagats eller till och med helt förlorats, vilket orsakar negativa effekter på den biologiska mångfalden, särskilt i form av minskning av populationer av inhemska nyckelarter. För att motverka detta problem undersöks för närvarande en potentiell lösning av lokala planerare i Rwanda genom att upprätta bevarandekorridorer för organismer att förflytta sig säkert mellan sina livsmiljörester. Specifikt, denna avhandling inspirerats av ett projekt som har initierats av Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, en icke-statlig bevarandeorganisation (NGO) baserad i Rwanda, som består av att upprätta en bevarandekorridor för pollinatörer.

Geografiska informationssystem (GIS) har blivit alltmer populära bland naturvårdsbiologer och utövare för sin förmåga att lagra, bearbeta och visualisera landskapsdata. Av särskild relevans för anslutningsanalys och korridorplanering är den s.k. minsta-kostnad väg-modellen. Denna modell används typisk så att man först uppskattar kostnaden för en viss åtgärd (t.ex. förflyttning av en organism eller ett förvärv av en regering) vid varje plats i ett givet landskap och representerar resultaten i form av en rasteryta. Sedan mäter man graden av anslutning mellan fläckar av intresse i termer av effektiva avstånd, vilka likställs med minsta-kostnads vägavstånd över rasterkostnadsytan. Medan den minsta-kostnad vägmodellen är enkel att använda och tillgänglig i praktiskt taget alla kommersiella rasterbaserade GIS, observerar vi att användare av den ofta förbiser några viktiga antaganden, vars överträdelse i hög grad kan påverka giltigheten av modellens resultat.

Målet med denna avhandling är att tillhandahålla ett vetenskapligt bidrag till landskapskonnektivitetsanalys och bevarandekorridorplanering genom att 1) undersöka potentiellt missbruk eller missbruk av den konventionella modellen med lägsta kostnadsvägar när tillräcklig information inte finns tillgänglig om den underliggande kostnadsytan, 2) föreslå en alternativ modell under en sådana omständigheter och 3) visa dess relevans för bevarandepraxis.

Mer specifikt, för att modellen ska fungera, antas det generellt att en vägs optimalitet utvärderas som summan av de kostnadsviktade längderna för alla dess segment-kostnads—viktade, dvs multiplicerat med deras underliggande kostnadsvärden. Giltigheten av detta antagande måste dock ifrågasättas om kostnadsvärden mäts på en skala—t.ex. en ordinal skala i Stevens typologi—som inte tillåter aritmetiska operationer. I en typisk praxis för landskapsanslutningsanalys och korridorplanering skapas rasterkostnadsytan genom att omvandla en eller flera uppsättningar värden (t.ex. marktäckestyp, markägande och höjd) som tillskrivs celler till en annan uppsättning sådana värden (som representerar kostnad) genom en funktion som återspeglar ett eller flera kriterier. En fråga uppstår: hur säker kan man vara på riktigheten av en sådan kostnadsuppskattningsfunktion?

Det finns minst fyra frågor i tillämpningen av modellen med minsta-kostnads väg på landskapskonnektivitetsanalys och korridorplanering under osäkerhet. För det första, även om det allmänt antas att olika kostnadsuppskattningsfunktioner leder till olika minsta-kostnadsvägar (därav till olika effektiva avstånd eller olika korridorlägen), är lite känt om hur sådana skillnader uppstår (eller inte uppstår). För det andra, även om det är allmänt erkänt att platsen och längden av en minsta-kostnads väg båda är känsliga för den rumsliga upplösningen av rasterkostnadsytan, är lite känt om de alltid är känsliga på samma sätt och i samma grad och om inte, vad som gör dem mer (eller mindre) känsliga. För det tredje, när det är svårt att etablera en helt sammankopplad korridor mellan målhabitatområden (t.ex. på grund av omgivande antropogen verksamhet), kanske den billigaste vägen (som per definition är helt sammankopplad) inte är användbar, åtminstone i sin ursprungliga form. Slutligen - även om den konventionella modellen för lägsta kostnadsväg kan ha inkonsekventa resultat i teorin, kan den mycket väl fortsätta att användas i praktiken, om det inte finns ett bra alternativ till den.

Ovanstående frågor behandlas genom fyra studier motsvarande fyra respektive artiklar som bifogas denna avhandling. Medan de tre första studierna använder artificiella landskapsdata genererade av datorer med varierande rumsliga och icke-spatiala egenskaper, använder den fjärde studien data om ett verkligt landskap. 

Den första studien (Papper 1) utvärderar hur placeringen och längden av minsta-kostnads vägar (av vilka de senare kallas lägsta kostnadsavstånd) varierar med förändringar i kostnadsuppskattningsparametrar. Detta görs genom en serie beräkningsexperiment, där vart och ett av de artificiella landskapen omvandlas till olika kostnadsytor genom att systematiskt variera parametrar för en kostnadsuppskattningsfunktion, på vilka lägsta kostnadsvägar genereras. Platserna och längderna för dessa vägar analyseras statistiskt för att hitta källor till deras variation. Den andra studien (Paper 2) undersöker hur det lägsta kostnadsavståndet påverkas av den rumsliga upplösningen av motsvarande kostnadsyta. Detta görs också genom en serie beräkningsexperiment, där vart och ett av de artificiella landskapen omvandlas till en kostnadsyta, som i sin tur omvandlas till olika kostnadsytor (olika, d.v.s. endast i sina rumsliga upplösningar) genom att systematiskt aggregera rutnätsceller. Sedan analyseras det statistiska beteendet för förhållandet mellan det lägsta kostnadsavståndet uppmätt på en kostnadsyta med lägre upplösning och det som uppmätts på en kostnadsyta med högre upplösning. Den tredje studien (Paper 3) föreslår mini-max-vägmodellen som ett alternativ till lägsta-kostnads vägmodellen. Till skillnad från den konventionella modellen (där optimala värdet för en väg baseras på summan av dess längd multiplicerad med de underliggande kostnadsvärdena), bestämmer den alternativa modellen optimum för en väg genom att använda längden på ett segment av vägen som skär cellerna som har det maximala kostnadsvärdet (med en speciell tie-breaking-regel). De två modellernas prestanda testas i ett av följande två antaganden åt gången: kostnadsvärdena mäts på en ordinal skala eller på en kvotskala. Den fjärde studien (Paper 4) tillämpar modellen som föreslagits i den tredje studien på ett pågående bevarandeprojekt av Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International som planerar att designa en ”språngbräda”-korridor – som inte är helt ansluten utan har formen av en sekvens av fragmenterade skogsfläckar – mellan två kärnhabitatområden för pollinatorfåglar mellan två skyddade områden i Rwanda. Projektet har inte fullständig information om undersökningsområdet och målarterna och därför kan projektpersonalen endast rangordna marktäckningstyper utifrån deras lämplighet/kostnad för att ingå i korridoren. Användbarheten av modellen testas med olika antaganden om fåglarnas beteende (t.ex. minsta språngbrädes storlek) såväl som på kostnaden förknippad med implementeringen av korridoren (t.ex. kostnaden för att plantera buskar längs korridoren för att uppmuntra fåglar att använda det).

Den första studien finner att samma par terminalceller mycket väl kan vara sammankopplade med olika billigaste vägar på olika kostnadsytor även om de härrör från samma landskapsdata. Variationen mellan dessa banor är mycket känslig för formerna av rumsliga och icke-spatiala fördelningar av landskapselement (som inte kan kontrolleras av användare av modellen med lägsta kostnadsväg) såväl som för kostnadsvärden som härrör från dem (som kan vara, åtminstone indirekt, kontrollerad av användarna av modellen). Den andra studien finner att de lägsta kostnadsavstånden mätt på kostnadsytor med lägre upplösning i allmänhet är starkt korrelerade med - och användbara prediktorer för - effektiva avstånd mätt på kostnadsytor med högre upplösning. Detta förhållande tenderar att försvagas när linjära hinder för anslutning (t.ex. vägar och floder) existerar, men förstärks när avstånden ökar och/eller när linjära barriärer (om några) upptäcks av andra förmodligen mer tillgängliga och överkomliga källor som linjedata i vektorform . Den tredje studien bekräftar effektiviteten av den konventionella modellen med lägsta kostnad på kvotskalade kostnadsytor men finner att den alternativa mini-max-vägmodellen är matematiskt sundare om kostnadsvärdena mäts på en ordinal skala och praktiskt användbar om problemet är handlar inte om att minimera kostnaderna utan om att maximera något önskvärt tillstånd, såsom lämplighet. Den fjärde studien visar användbarheten av mini-max-vägmodellen genom att effektivt gjuta språngstenskorridorproblemet som ett specialfall av det. Modellen möjliggör en snabb första avgränsning av kandidatvägar för trappstegskorridorer och underlättar de tidiga undersökande stadierna av bevarandeprojekt.

De viktigaste konsekvenserna av denna avhandling för forskning och praktik inom analys av landskapets konnektivitet och planering av bevarandekorridorer med rasterbaserad GIS sammanfattas enligt följande.

  • När tillräcklig information finns tillgänglig för kvantifiering av kostnadsvärden är den konventionella modellen för lägsta kostnadsväg ett rimligt tillvägagångssätt att använda.
  • Det är dock värt att pröva eller åtminstone erkänna alternativ som inte förlitar sig på antagandet om kvantitativ kostnad om värdet av varje cell endast anger den ordinära kostnadskategorin för att skära den cellen. Observera särskilt att information som används för kostnadsuppskattning i praktiken (t.ex. expertutlåtanden eller offentliga undersökningar) ofta är av subjektiv och kvalitativ karaktär.
  • Data med högst upplösning kanske inte alltid är mest effektiva – mycket mindre, mest kostnadseffektiva – för den uppgift som utförs. Valet av rumslig upplösning för inmatade rasterdata kan avsevärt påverka utdata från den billigaste vägmodellen. Den bör därför överensstämma med mängden rumsliga detaljer som behövs, vilka bör uppskattas baserat på adekvat ekologisk och geografisk kunskap om landskapet och arterna som studeras.
  • Det är inte alltid självklart att en given fysisk planeringsuppgift effektivt kan gjutas som en instans av en befintlig rumslig optimeringsmodell. Därför är kunskapsutbyte och samarbete viktigt mellan bevarandebiologi och GIScience.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 116
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2222
Keywords [en]
Landscape connectivity, Conservation corridor, Stepping stones, Effective distance, Geographic Information Systems, Raster data, Land evaluation, Suitability analysis, Cost surface, Suitability surface, Ordinal scale, Least-cost path, Spatial resolution
Keywords [sv]
Landskapsanslutning, Bevarandekorridor, Stegbräda, Effektivt avstånd, Geografiska informationssystem, Rasterdata, Markutvärdering, Lämplighetsanalys, Kostnadsyta, Lämplighetsyta, Ordinal skala, Lägsta kostnadsväg, Rumslig upplösning
National Category
Environmental Management Ecology Other Environmental Engineering Earth Observation
Research subject
Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Geoinformatics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312288ISBN: 978-91-8040-238-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312288DiVA, id: diva2:1658578
Public defence
2022-06-10, D31, Lindstedstvägen 5, KTH Campus, videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64031810573, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 51160059-06
Note

QC 20220518

Available from: 2022-05-18 Created: 2022-05-16 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A spatial and statistical analysis of the impact of transformation of raster cost surfaces on the variation of least-cost paths
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A spatial and statistical analysis of the impact of transformation of raster cost surfaces on the variation of least-cost paths
2018 (English)In: International Journal of Geographical Information Science, ISSN 1365-8816, E-ISSN 1365-8824, Vol. 32, no 11, p. 2169-2188Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Planners who are involved in locational decision-making often useraster-based geographic information systems to quantify the valueof land in terms of suitability or cost for a certain use. From acomputational point of view, this process can be seen as a transformationof one or more sets of values associated with a grid ofcells into another set of such values through a function reflectingone or more criteria. While it is generally anticipated that differenttransformations lead to different ‘best’ locations, little has beenknown on how such differences arise (or do not arise). The paperattempts to answer this question in the context of path planningthrough a series of computational experiments using a number ofrandom landscape grids with a variety of spatial and nonspatialstructures. In the experiments, we generated least-cost paths on anumber of cost grids transformed from the landscape grids usinga variety of transformation parameters and analyzed the locationsand (weighted) lengths of those paths. Results show that the samepair of terminal cells may well be connected by different least-costpaths on different cost grids though derived from the same landscapegrid and that the variation among those paths is affected byhow given values are distributed in the landscape grid as well asby how derived values are distributed in the cost grids. Mostsignificantly, the variation tends to be smaller when the landscapegrid contains more distinct patches of cells potentially attractingor distracting cost-saving passage or when the cost grid contains asmaller number of low-cost cells.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2018
Keywords
Least-cost paths; raster cost surfaces; land evaluation; suitability analysis; spatial decision support
National Category
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Research subject
Geodesy and Geoinformatics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235673 (URN)10.1080/13658816.2018.1498504 (DOI)000443882300003 ()2-s2.0-85050559375 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20181002

Available from: 2018-10-02 Created: 2018-10-02 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. An experimental analysis of least-cost path models on ordinal-scaled raster surfaces
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An experimental analysis of least-cost path models on ordinal-scaled raster surfaces
2021 (English)In: International Journal of Geographical Information Science, ISSN 1365-8816, E-ISSN 1365-8824, Vol. 35, no 8, p. 1545-1569Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Selection of optimal paths or sequences of cells from a grid of cells is one of the most basic functions of raster-based geographic information systems. For this function to work, it is often assumed that the optimality of a path can be evaluated by the sum of the weighted lengths of all its segments–weighted, i.e. by the underlying cell values. The validity of this assumption must be questioned, however, if those values are measured on a scale that does not permit arithmetic operations. Through computational experiments with randomly generated artificial landscapes, this paper compares two models, minisum and minimax path models, which aggregate the values of the cells associated with a path using the sum function and the maximum function, respectively. Results suggest that the minisum path model is effective if the path search can be translated into the conventional least-cost path problem, which aims to find a path with the minimum cost-weighted length between two terminuses on a ratio-scaled raster cost surface. On the other hand, the minimax path model is found mathematically sounder if the cost values are measured on an ordinal scale and practically useful if the problem is concerned not with the minimization of cost but with the maximization of some desirable condition such as suitability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2021
Keywords
Least-cost paths, lexicographic preference, raster cost surfaces/suitability surfaces, scales of measurement, shortest path problem
National Category
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285379 (URN)10.1080/13658816.2020.1753204 (DOI)000549545800001 ()2-s2.0-85087486598 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 51160059-06
Note

Not duplicate with DiVA 1252643

QC 20250318

Available from: 2020-11-30 Created: 2020-11-30 Last updated: 2025-03-18Bibliographically approved
3. On the effects of spatial resolution on effective distance measurement in digital landscapes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the effects of spatial resolution on effective distance measurement in digital landscapes
2021 (English)In: ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES, ISSN 2192-1709, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 50Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Connectivity is an important landscape attribute in ecological studies and conservation practices and is often expressed in terms of effective distance. If the cost of movement of an organism over a landscape is effectively represented by a raster surface, effective distances can be equated with the cost-weighted distance of least-cost paths. It is generally recognized that this measure is sensitive to the grid's cell size, but little is known if it is always sensitive in the same way and to the same degree and if not, what makes it more (or less) sensitive. We conducted computational experiments with both synthetic and real landscape data, in which we generated and analyzed large samples of effective distances measured on cost surfaces of varying cell sizes derived from those data. The particular focus was on the statistical behavior of the ratio-referred to as 'accuracy indicator'-of the effective distance measured on a lower-resolution cost surface to that measured on a higher-resolution cost surface. Results In the experiment with synthetic cost surfaces, the sample values of the accuracy indicator were generally clustered around 1, but slightly greater with the absence of linear sequences (or barriers) of high-cost or inadmissible cells and smaller with the presence of such sequences. The latter tendency was more dominant, and both tendencies became more pronounced as the difference between the spatial resolutions of the associated cost surfaces increased. When two real satellite images (of different resolutions with fairly large discrepancies) were used as the basis of cost estimation, the variation of the accuracy indicator was found to be substantially large in the vicinity (1500 m) of the source but decreases quickly with an increase in distance from it. Conclusions Effective distances measured on lower-resolution cost surfaces are generally highly correlated with-and useful predictors of-effective distances measured on higher-resolution cost surfaces. This relationship tends to be weakened when linear barriers to dispersal (e.g., roads and rivers) exist, but strengthened when moving away from sources of dispersal and/or when linear barriers (if any) are detected by other presumably more accessible and affordable sources such as vector line data. Thus, if benefits of high-resolution data are not likely to substantially outweigh their costs, the use of lower resolution data is worth considering as a cost-effective alternative in the application of least-cost path modeling to landscape connectivity analysis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2021
Keywords
Landscape connectivity, Effective distance, Raster-based least-cost path model, Accuracy, Spatial resolution
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299048 (URN)10.1186/s13717-021-00296-3 (DOI)000672643900002 ()2-s2.0-85109785887 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 51160059-06
Note

QC 20210730

Available from: 2021-07-30 Created: 2021-07-30 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Sequencing Stepping Stones: A Raster-based GIS Model for Routing a Connectivity Corridor through a Fragmented Landscape
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sequencing Stepping Stones: A Raster-based GIS Model for Routing a Connectivity Corridor through a Fragmented Landscape
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Abstract [en]

Although its effectiveness (or cost-effectiveness) is still debatable, connecting habitat remnants with conservation corridors is an approach to mitigate negative effects of the loss and fragmentation of wildlife habitat on biodiversity. Planning and decision on conservation corridors tend to involve multiple—often subjective and uncertain—factors ranging from environmental and economic to social and political. Thus, actual corridors may not be fully connected but composed of isolated habitat fragments. To offer computational support in planning such ‘stepping stones’ corridors, we design and implement a raster-based GIS model that characterizes and searches for an optimal sequence of isolated patches as stepping stones across a mosaic of land covers. The model is unique in two aspects. First, it simultaneously selects stepping stones to be included and a path through which they are to be traversed, which collectively form a corridor. The latter would be useful information in planning on where to perform certain actions (e.g., planting) to encourage organisms to follow the corridor. Second, unlike existing least-cost path models, it does not require the quantification of land cover types in terms of their suitability (or cost) for being included in the corridor, but only requires the rank-ordering of them. This would not eliminate all the subjectivity or uncertainty involved but reduce it substantially. We apply the model to a conservation project in Rwanda that aims to increase the connectivity of two national parks via the establishment of a hedgerow of native plants for dispersal of bird pollinators. Results suggest that the model allows for a rapid first delineation of candidate routes for stepping stone corridors and facilitates the early exploratory stages of conservation projects.

Keywords
Landscape connectivity, animal dispersal, pollinator corridors, conservation planning, path optimization, geographic information systems
National Category
Environmental Sciences Geosciences, Multidisciplinary Ecology
Research subject
Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Geoinformatics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312287 (URN)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 51160059-06Swedish Research Council Formas, 942-2015-1513
Note

QC 20220818

Available from: 2022-05-16 Created: 2022-05-16 Last updated: 2022-08-18Bibliographically approved

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Murekatete, Rachel Mundeli

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