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Quantitative Nanostructure and Hardness Evolution in Duplex Stainless Steels: Under Real Low-Temperature Service Conditions
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1027-821x
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3598-2465
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2022 (English)In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, ISSN 1073-5623, E-ISSN 1543-1940, Vol. 53, no 2, p. 723-735Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Duplex stainless steels are a group of widely used stainless steels, because of their attractive combination of strength and corrosion resistance. However, these steels embrittle because of a phase separation phenomenon in the ferrite phase when exposed to temperatures within the miscibility gap. This manuscript investigates the phase separation in two commercial stainless steels, the duplex stainless steel (DSS) 22Cr-5Ni (2205 or UNS S32205), and the super-duplex stainless steel (SDSS) 25Cr-7Ni (2507 or UNS S32750), and its subsequent effect on mechanical property evolution. Long-term isothermal aging heat treatments were carried out at industrially relevant temperatures between 250 °C and 350 °C for up to 48,000 hours, and quantitative measurements of the amplitude and wavelength of the phase separated nanostructure were obtained using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). These quantifications were used as input parameters in hardness models to predict the hardness evolution. It is concluded that the quantitative information from SANS combined with these hardness models enables the prediction of hardness evolution in DSS at low temperatures, which in turn correlates with the embrittlement of the DSS. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2022. Vol. 53, no 2, p. 723-735
Keywords [en]
Binary alloys, Chromium alloys, Chromium steel, Corrosion resistance, Nanostructures, Neutron scattering, Phase separation, Steel corrosion, Temperature, Exposed to, Ferrite phase, Isothermal aging heat treatment, Low-temperature services, Measurements of, Miscibility gap, Quantitative measurement, Service conditions, Small-angle neutron scattering, Superduplex stainless steels, Hardness
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-313625DOI: 10.1007/s11661-021-06547-4ISI: 000725417300003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85120501215OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-313625DiVA, id: diva2:1666727
Note

Correction in: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials ScienceOpen AccessVolume 53, Issue 2, Pages 739. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-021-06571-4, WOS: 000738504300003, Scopus: 2-s2.0-85122249320, QC 20220921

Available from: 2022-06-09 Created: 2022-06-09 Last updated: 2023-12-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Phase separation in duplex stainless steel: characterization and mitigation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Phase separation in duplex stainless steel: characterization and mitigation
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is a category of widely used stainlesssteel, which are strategically important in a variety of applications such asin the food industry, chemical engineering plants and nuclear power plants,due to their attractive combination of mechanical properties and corrosionresistance. However, these steel grades are sensitive to the so-called ‘475°Cembrittlement’, because of a phase separation (PS) phenomenon in theferrite phase, which decomposes into Fe-rich ferrite (α) and Cr-rich ferrite(α'), when exposed to temperatures within the miscibility gap. The PS isaccompanied by an increase of micro-hardness of the bcc phase and a severeloss of toughness, leading to the deterioration of the mechanical properties.Therefore, the upper service temperature of DSSs in industrial applicationshas been limited to around 250° C.In the present work, the PS in DSSs was mainly investigated by smallangleneutron scattering (SANS). A quantitative analysis method based onthe SANS data was proposed to evaluate both the wavelength and amplitudeof PS in Fe-Cr based alloys, e.g. DSSs. The wavelength and amplitudequantified by this methodology showed a good agreement with the resultsby atom probe tomography (APT). Then, SANS measurements and thismethod were applied for a comprehensive investigation on the applicationof DSSs and their weldments under industrially relevant conditions, i.e.low/intermediate temperature and prolonged aging time, in order to pursuethe structure-property relation. The current study shows that the measuredCr amplitude is connected to the change of micro-hardness and impacttoughness. Moreover, embrittlement is a function of both the isothermalaging temperature and time.In order to find effective ways to mitigate the PS, this work has alsoattempted to investigate the governing thermodynamics and the kinetics ofPS. First, the effects of alloying elements (e.g. Ni, Al, Co) on the Fe-Crsystem were critically reviewed since such understanding could pave theway for the design of the next generation of DSSs that are less susceptibleto embrittlement; Second, the process route can also influence the PS andit was therefore investigated. It was found that a faster cooling rate aftersolution treatment leads to the lower rate of PS. Moreover, applying anexternal magnetic field may also affect the kinetics of PS: an in-situ SANSstudy showed that a 1.5 T applied magnetic field can significantly delay thePS of DSSs in the early stages.This thesis can be summarized in two parts: i) demonstration of SANSfor characterizing and quantifying PS in DSSs under industrially relevantconditions; ii) discussion of the possibility to mitigate PS in DSSs to becomeless susceptible to low/intermediate temperature embrittlement.

Abstract [sv]

Duplexa rostfria stål (DSS) är en kategori av rostfria stål som ärstrategiskt viktiga i en mängd olika applikationer såsom i livsmedelsindustrin,kemitekniska anläggningar och kärnkraftverk. Detta på grund avderas attraktiva kombination av styrka och korrosionsbeständighet. Dessastålsorter är dock känsliga för den så kallade '475°C försprödningen', pågrund av fasseparation (PS) i ferritfasen, där det sönderdelas till Fe-rikferrit (α) och Cr-rik ferrit (α'), när materialet utsätts för temperaturer inomblandningsluckan. FS åtföljs av en ökning av mikrohårdheten i bcc-fasenoch en kraftigt minskad seghet, vilket leder till försämring av egenskaperna.Därför är den övre användningstemperaturen för DSS i industriellatillämpningar begränsad till cirka 250°C.I denna avhandling har PS undersökts i DSS genom i huvudsaklågvinkel neutronspridning, s.k. SANS. En ny analysmetod baserad påSANS-data har föreslagits för att kvantitativt utvärdera både våglängdenoch amplituden hos PS i Fe-Cr-baserade legeringar, t.ex. DSS. Våglängdenoch amplituden kvantifierades med denna metod och visade en godöverensstämmelse med resultat från atomsondstomografi (APT). SANSmätningaroch denna metod användes vidare för en omfattandeundersökning av DSS och svetsade DSS åldrade under industriellt relevantaförhållanden, d.v.s. låg/mellantemperatur och lång åldringstid. Relationenmellan struktur och egenskaper studerades. Denna avhandling visar hurden uppmätta Cr-amplituden är relaterad till förändringen avmikrohårdhet och slagseghet. Dessutom visas hur försprödningen beror avbåde den isotermiska åldringstemperaturen och tiden.För att hitta effektiva sätt att mildra PS och försprödning av DSS hardetta arbete undersökt dess underliggande termodynamik och kinetik.Först studerades effekterna av tillsatta legeringselement (t.ex. Ni, Al, Co) påFe-Cr-systemet eftersom en sådan förståelse skulle kunna bana väg förutformningen av nästa generations DSS med mindre mottaglighet förförsprödning. Dessutom kan tillverkningsprocessvägen påverka PS underefterföljande åldring av DSS och en snabbare nedkylningshastighet efterupplösningsbehandling visade sig leda till lägre hastighet för PS. Sist meninte minst kan applicering av ett externt magnetfält också påverka kinetikenhos PS och en in-situ SANS-studie visade att ett applicerat magnetfält om1.5 T avsevärt kan fördröja PS för DSS i de tidiga stadierna.Sammanfattningsvis är denna avhandling uppdelad i två delar. Denförsta delen demonstrerar fördelen med SANS när det gäller attkarakterisera och kvantifiera PS i DSS under industri-relevantaförhållanden. Den andra delen diskuterar möjligheten att mildra PS i DSSför att göra dessa mindre mottagliga för försprödning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 151
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2022:26
Keywords
duplex stainless steel, 475 °C embrittlement, phase separation, small-angle neutron scattering, mechanical properties, alloying elements, cooling rate, magnetic field
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316815 (URN)978-91-8040-331-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-09-30, Sal D37 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61392505267, Lindstedtsvägen 5, KTH, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Available from: 2022-09-06 Created: 2022-08-30 Last updated: 2023-12-07Bibliographically approved

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Das, YadunandanLiu, JianlingOdqvist, JoakimHolländer Pettersson, NiklasHedström, Peter

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