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Collaborative Navigation-Aware Coverage in Feature-Poor Environments
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5656-0259
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Optimization and Systems Theory. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7714-928X
2022 (English)In: International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2022, 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Multi agent coverage and robot navigation are two very important research fields within robotics. However, their intersection has received limited attention. In multi agent coverage, perfect navigation is often assumed, and in robot navigation,  the focus is often to minimize the localization error with the aid of stationary features from the environment.The need for integration of the two becomes clear in environments with very sparse features or landmarks, for example when a group of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are to search a uniform seafloor for mines or other dangerous objects.In such environments, localization systems are often deprived of detectable features to use that could increase their accuracy.In this paper we propose an algorithm for doing navigation aware multi agent coverage in areas with no landmarks.Instead of using identical lawn mower patterns, we propose to mirror every other pattern to enable the agents to meet up and makeinter-agent measurements and share information regularly. This improves performance in two ways,global drift in relation to the area to be covered is reduced, and local coverage gaps between adjacent patterns are reduced.Further, we show that this can be accomplished within the constraints of very limited sensing, computing and communication resources that most AUVs have available.The effectiveness of our method is shown through statistically significant simulated experiments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2022.
Keywords [en]
Underwater vehicles, collaborative, robotics, auv, navigation, slam, graph-slam, communication
National Category
Computer Systems
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322734OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-322734DiVA, id: diva2:1723172
Conference
International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, IRC15-0046
Note

QC 20230117

Available from: 2023-01-02 Created: 2023-01-02 Last updated: 2023-01-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Multi-Agent Mission Planning and Execution for Small Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-Agent Mission Planning and Execution for Small Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Our planet is mostly covered in water, most of it still unexplored.In order to understand our environment better, oceanographers have been mapping and monitoring these waters using ship-mounted sensors and wired vehicles with limited range compared to the vastness of the oceans.The limited range and dependence on manned support vehicles has kept missions expensive and infrequent.To solve this problem, the sensors need to become independent of support vehicles, they need to venture into completely unexplored, unmapped regions of the seas by themselves and safely return with the data.This is where autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have started to make a difference.In this thesis we investigate how multiple small AUVs can be utilized to efficiently and accurately sense very large volumes of water.

Water absorbs electromagnetic radiation, meaning satellite-based global positioning systems (we will use GPS to refer to any such system), wide-angle cameras and radio communications are infeasible.These constraints ultimately result in uncertain localization of  the vehicles.Furthermore, the vehicles are under constant disturbances from the water currents, fish and bio-fouling, which result in the dynamics of the vehicles being uncertain or even changing during the mission.

In the first part of this thesis, we focus on the large-scale sensing problem under localization uncertainties by examining the caging and coverage problems.In the coverage problem, each AUV is uncertain about its exact position while tasked with sensing a stationary area.We show that we can still guarantee complete coverage and formulate the efficiency characteristics of different approaches.Furthermore, we show that when the vehicles are equipped with sensors and low-bandwidth communication methods, we can increase the effective range of a team of AUVs considerably by utilizing loop-closures over shared pose-graphs. In the caging problem, the localization uncertainty is focused on the entity that is being caged, its location is unknown but bounded.We show that through a combination of algorithms, the caging problem can be solved and a solution can be guaranteed, while simultaneously producing a list of specifications for the mission.

In the second part, we focus on the individuals of the team and what they need to do in order for the team of AUVs to succeed.First, we identify that when there is a team of cooperative vehicles working together, conflicting goals rise.Each vehicle needs to pick between satisfying its own constraints and the constraints that come from being in a team. We propose a solution to this problem through a combination of Control Barrier Function (CBF) and Behavior Trees (BT).Secondly, we examine the possibility that a vehicle might undergo physical changes, like a broken thruster, that result in the vehicle being unable to complete the entire mission.Even in such a scenario, if the broken vehicle can still move to contact a normal one, the rest of the team can compensate through re-planning and the overall mission can still be completed.To do so, the broken vehicle must compensate for the change until a rendezvous.We propose a data-driven pipeline that can detect and plan around such a physical change within some bounds.

Abstract [sv]

Vår planet är till största delen täckt av sjöar och hav, och en stor del av dessa är fortfarande outforskade. För att bättre förstå vår omvärld har oceanografer undersökt sjöar och hav med sensorer som antingen varit fast monterade på stora bemannade fartyg, eller på undervattensfarkoster som styrtsvia kablar från sådana fartyg. Detta beroende av fartyg har gjort uppdragen dyra och därför även få. För att lösa detta problem måste sensorplattformarna göras oberoende av kablar och bemannade fartyg, och ges förmåga att på egen hand bege sig in i outforskade områden och sedan komma tillbaka igen med ny information. Sådana sensorplattformar kallas AUV, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, och i denna avhandling undersöker vi hur en grupp AUV:erkan användas för att söka av stora vattenvolymer på egen hand. Undervattensdomänen är förknippad med ett antal unika problem. Vatten absorberar elektromagnetisk strålning, vilket gör satellitnavigering (t.ex.GPS) och radiokommunikation oanvändbart i praktiken, vilket i sin tur leder till att det är svårt att bestämma sin egen position under vattnet. Vidare gör strömmar, vattendjur och s.k. biofouling (att t.ex. alger och smådjur växer där man inte vill ha dem) att en farkosts dynamik kan ändras över tid i vattnet.

I denna avhandlings första del studerar vi storskalig övervakning under positionsosäkerheter i form av instängnings- (caging) och yttäcknings-problem(coverage). I yttäckningsproblemet skall UAV:n söka av en given yta, samtidigt som UAV:n är osäker på sin egen position. Vi visar att det trots detta är möjligt att garantera total täckning av ytan, och beskriver hur effektiva olika sökmönster är för denna uppgift. Vidare visar vi hur en grupp av UAV:er utrustade med sensorer och akustiska modem med låg bandbredd kan lösadenna uppgift mer effektivt än enskilda UAV:er, genom s.k. loop closures och delande av tillståndsgrafer. I instängningsproblemet gäller positionsosäkerheten istället en inkräktare, t.ex. en fientlig ubåt, vars position är känd på ett ungefär, men inte exakt. Vi visar att man kan bestämma positionen exakt genom en kombination av algoritmer som först stänger in inkräktaren och sedan gradvis krymper den volym den kan uppehålla sig i. Vi beräknar också vilka prestanda systemet måste uppfylla för att kunna garantera instängning. I avhandlingens andra del fokuserar vi på de enskilda AUV:erna, och vad de måste göra för att hela gruppen skall lyckas med sitt uppdrag. Först noterar vi att när en grupp samarbetar så kommer det att uppstå målkonflikter. Vid vissa tidpunkter kommer individer att tvingas välja mellan egna mål, som t.ex. att inte få slut på batteri, och gruppens mål, som t.ex. att täcka av ett område. Vi föreslår en lösning till detta problem som bygger på kombinationen av s.k. Control Barrier Functions (CBF) och Beteendeträd (BT). Sedan undersöker vi fallet då en AUV påverkas av förändringar, så som en skadad propeller, som gör att den inte kan fullgöra den ursprungliga uppgiften. I ett sådant scenario vill man att den skadade farkosten skall försöka ta sig till en punkt där den kan kontakta resten av gruppen, så att de kan kompensera bortfallet. Vi föreslår en data-driven metod för som kan upptäcka och hantera vissa typer av sådana fel.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 57
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2023:5
Keywords
Underwater vehicles, collaborative, robotics, auv, navigation, coverage, search, slam, graph-slam, communication, control barrier functions, control, swarms, caging, capture
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322817 (URN)978-91-8040-453-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-02-02, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63193775118, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, IRC15-0046
Note

QC 20230109

Available from: 2023-01-09 Created: 2023-01-06 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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Özkahraman, ÖzerÖgren, Petter

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