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Surface modification of birch and acetylated birch wood by silicone nanofilaments
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division Bioeconomy and Health, Material and Surface Design.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9585-1961
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The increasing awareness of sustainability motivates the development of building materials from renewable resources. The requirements of wood-based products with improved durability, for example, enhanced liquid repellence and UV and biological resistance, are still a challenge. Surface modification of wood by a superhydrophobic layer is one approach for counteracting the challenge. In this thesis, wood veneers of untreated and acetylated birch were surface-modified with fluorinated or non-fluorinated silicone nanofilaments in gas phase. Results demonstrated that the fluorine surface-modified birch (F-SMB) samples showed superamphiphobicity, i.e. a surface that repelled water, ethylene glycol and hexadecane with contact angles (CAs) greater than 150° and roll-off angles (ROAs) of less than 10°. Fluorine-free surface-modified birch and acetylated birch (SMB and SMAB) showed superhydrophobicity with static CA greater than 160° towards water and low ROA even for samples prepared with the shortest reaction time of 1 h.

The surface-modified wood showed good wetting resistance analyzed by the multicycle Wilhelmy plate method. The SMB showed a lower water uptake than the acetylated wood while the SMAB showed the lowest water uptake, i.e. a pronounced increased water resistance, due to a combined effect of acetylation and surface modification. The silicone nanofilaments were not degraded after UV irradiation. Both the UV-irradiated SMB and SMAB still showed good wetting resistance with high static CAs and low water uptake. The UV-irradiated SMAB showed the lowest water uptake. 

The SMB and F-SMB showed good mold resistance with mold appearing later or with less intensity than those on the untreated birch due to the improved water resistance. All acetylated birch showed an even better mold resistance since the acetylation reduces the moisture absorption in the wood substance; whereas the surface modifications on acetylated birch played a slightly negative effect due to side effects from the surface modifications. All birch samples showed high blue stain coverage but almost no blue stain fungi were observed on the acetylated birch. The preconditioned and UV-irradiated acetylated wood samples showed good mold resistance as well. However, more outdoor tests need to be performed to further understand the resistance to mold and blue stain fungal growth on acetylated wood.

The surface modifications of both untreated and acetylated birch give excellent water repellence and resistance, which shows the potential of such surface-modified wood in outdoor applications. 

Abstract [sv]

Den ökande medvetenheten om hållbarhet motiverar utvecklingen av byggmaterial från förnybara resurser. Kraven på träbaserade produkter med förbättrad beständighet, till exempel förbättrad vätskeavvisning och UV- och biologisk beständighet, är fortfarande en utmaning. Ytmodifiering av trä med ett superhydrofobt ytskikt är ett sätt att tackla utmaningen. I denna avhandling ytmodifierades träfanér av obehandlad och acetylerad björk med fluorerade eller icke-fluorerade silikon-nanofilament i gasfas. Resultat visade att björkproverna som ytmodifierats med de fluorerade silikon-nanofilamenten (F-SMB) uppvisade superamfifobicitet, alltså ytor som stötte bort vatten, etylenglykol och hexadekan med kontaktvinklar (CA) större än 150° och avrinningsvinkel (ROA) på mindre än 10°. Proverna av björk och acetylerad björk som modifierats med de icke-fluorerade silikon-nanofilamenten (SMB och SMAB) uppvisade superhydrofobicitet med statisk CA större än 160° för vatten och låg ROA även för prover preparerade med den kortaste reaktionstiden på 1 timme.

Det ytmodifierade träet uppvisade god vätningsbeständighet, analyserat genom flercykelmätningar med Wilhelmy-metoden. SMB visade ett lägre vattenupptag än det acetylerade träet medan SMAB visade det lägsta vattenupptaget, det vill säga en markant ökad vattenresistens, tack vare en kombinerad effekt av acetylering och ytmodifiering. Silikon-nanofilamenten bröts inte ned efter UV-bestrålning. Både den UV-bestrålade SMB och SMAB visade fortfarande god vätningsbeständighet med höga statiska CA och lågt vattenupptag. Den UV-bestrålade SMAB visade lägst vattenupptagningsförmåga.

SMB och F-SMB visade god resistens mot mögelpåväxt som uppträdde senare eller med mindre intensitet än påväxten på den obehandlade björken tack vare den förbättrade vattenavvisningen. All acetylerad björk visade en ännu bättre mögelresistens eftersom acetyleringen minskade fuktupptagningen i träsubstansen; medan ytmodifierad acetylerad björk uppvisade något sämre mögelbeständighet på grund av sidoeffekter från ytmodifieringarna. En kraftig blånad uppstod på alla obehandlade björkprover men nästan ingen blånad observerades på proverna av acetylerad och ytmodifierad acetylerad björk. De förkonditionerade och UV-bestrålade acetylerade träproverna visade också god mögelresistens. Fler utomhustester behöver dock genomföras för att ytterligare förstå resistensen mot mögel- och blånadspåväxt hos acetylerat trä.

Ytmodifieringarna av både obehandlad och acetylerad björk ger utmärkt vattenavvisning och motstånd mot vattenupptag, vilket visar potentialen hos sådant ytmodifierat trä i utomhusapplikationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 65
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 235
Keywords [en]
Acetylated wood, surface modification, superhydrophobicity, plastron, wetting, silicone nanofilaments, UV irradiation, mold resistance, blue stain.
Keywords [sv]
Acetylerat trä, ytmodifiering, superhydrofobicitet, plastron, vätning, silikon-nanofilament, UV-bestrålning, mögelresistens, blånad.
National Category
Wood Science Other Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323747ISBN: 978-91-8040-479-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-323747DiVA, id: diva2:1736228
Public defence
2023-03-17, Conference room Innoversum, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, KTH campus, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67973390115, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-01362Vinnova, 2017-02712
Note

QC 20230223

Available from: 2023-02-23 Created: 2023-02-12 Last updated: 2023-03-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Superamphiphobic plastrons on wood and their effects on liquid repellence
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Superamphiphobic plastrons on wood and their effects on liquid repellence
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2020 (English)In: Materials & design, ISSN 0264-1275, E-ISSN 1873-4197, Vol. 195, article id 108974Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The increasing utilization of wood-based products raises new demands for improved durability, for example an enhanced liquid repellence. Superhydrophobic or superamphiphobic surfaces have been widely fabricated. Less attention has been paid to such modifications on wood and the changes of its hygroscopic or solvoscopic properties. In this work, wood veneers were surface modified by hydrophobized silicone nanofilaments. Results revealed that the surface-modified wood showed a superamphiphobic behavior, i.e. it repelled water, ethylene glycol and hexadecane with contact angles greater than 150 degrees and roll-off angles of less than 10 degrees. Most importantly, a plastron effect was observed when the surface-modified wood was submerged in water, ethylene glycol or hexadecane, which reduced the liquid sorption rate and extent to various degrees. By comparing the measured permeabilities and the estimated diffusive mass flux and supported by Hansen solubility parameters and the degrees of swelling, it is concluded that diffusion is the major cause for the liquid uptake in the surface-modified wood. Moreover, the interaction between the liquid and the modified layer (the solubility of the liquid in the modified layer) also needs to be considered, especially in hexadecane.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Surface modification, Superamphiphobicity, Plastron, Silicone nanofilaments, Wood, Diffusion
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284391 (URN)10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108974 (DOI)000576526700001 ()2-s2.0-85088095378 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201102

Available from: 2020-11-02 Created: 2020-11-02 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
2. Non-fluorine surface modification of acetylated birch for improved water repellence
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Non-fluorine surface modification of acetylated birch for improved water repellence
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2021 (English)In: Holzforschung, ISSN 0018-3830, E-ISSN 1437-434X, Vol. 75, no 9, p. 857-868Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this work, a non-fluorinated surface treatment, i.e., hydrophobized silicone nanofilaments, was applied on both birch and acetylated birch wood samples via a gas-phase based reaction. A superhydrophobic behavior was observed on both the surface-modified samples as revealed by the static water contact angles (CAs) greater than 160 degrees, also valid for samples prepared with the shortest reaction time of 1 h. The dynamic wettability behavior of the samples was studied by a multicycle Wilhelmy plate method. The surface-modified acetylated birch exhibited a pronounced enhanced water resistance, resulting in very low water uptake of 3 +/- 1 wt% after 100 cycles, which was not only about 29 and 5 times lower than that of the non-surface-modified birch and acetylated birch, respectively, but also three times lower than that of the surface-modified birch. Moreover, the aesthetic appearance of the acetylated wood was maintained as the surface modification only resulted in a small color change. This work shows the potential of preparing super water-repellent wood by non-fluorinated surface modification.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021
Keywords
acetylated wood, multicycle Wilhelmy plate method, non-fluorine surface modification, silicone nanofilaments, superhydrophobic coating
National Category
Wood Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301994 (URN)10.1515/hf-2020-0236 (DOI)000692441300008 ()2-s2.0-85104404837 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210916

Available from: 2021-09-16 Created: 2021-09-16 Last updated: 2023-02-12Bibliographically approved
3. Wettability performance and physicochemical properties of UV exposed superhydrophobized birch wood
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Wettability performance and physicochemical properties of UV exposed superhydrophobized birch wood
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2022 (English)In: Applied Surface Science, ISSN 0169-4332, E-ISSN 1873-5584, Vol. 584, article id 152528Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The effect of prolonged ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the performance of superhydrophobized birch and acetylated birch wood was investigated. The surface modification of the wood was based on a newly developed method using silicone nanofilaments. The combination of surface modification and acetylation of wood showed good wetting resistance also after 600 h of UV exposure, with water contact angles greater than 140 degrees and water uptake 30 times lower by weight than that of the non-surface-modified wood as determined by multicycle Wilhelmy plate measurements. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the silicone nanofilaments can still be observed on the wood samples after UV irradiation. The surface-modified wood samples exhibited significant color change after UV exposure. FTIR spectra showed that lignin was degraded on both the nonsurface-modified wood surfaces and the wood surface-modified with the silicone nanofilaments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
UV irradiation, Superhydrophobicity, Acetylated wood, Surface modification, Lignin degradation, Wettability
National Category
Wood Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311303 (URN)10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.152528 (DOI)000773634800006 ()2-s2.0-85123687684 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220422

Available from: 2022-04-22 Created: 2022-04-22 Last updated: 2023-02-12Bibliographically approved
4. Susceptibility of surface-modified superhydrophobic wood and acetylated wood to mold and blue stain fungi
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Susceptibility of surface-modified superhydrophobic wood and acetylated wood to mold and blue stain fungi
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The susceptibility of surface-modified wood, surface-modified acetylated wood and acetylated wood to mold and blue stain fungi was investigated. The surface modifications were based on fluorinated and non-fluorinated silicone nanofilaments for increased hydrophobicity. Results showed an increased mold resistance of the surface-modified superhydrophobic wood with mold appearing later or with less intensity on the modified surfaces than on the untreated wood in accelerated mold chamber tests due to the increased water resistance of the samples. All acetylated wood samples exhibited good mold resistance as the available water in acetylated wood was reduced. The surface modifications on acetylated wood had a slightly negative effect on mold resistance due to side effects from the modification. The surface-modified wood showed high blue stain fungi coverage, whereas almost no blue stain fungi were observed on the acetylated wood and surface-modified acetylated wood. The surface-modified superhydrophobic wood showed high mold coverage after conditioning in a high-humidity environment or after exposure to UV irradiation. Meanwhile, the acetylated wood and surface-modified superhydrophobic acetylated wood showed a small amount of mold coverage in these conditions.

Keywords
mold, blue stain, acetylated wood, superhydrophobic surface modifications, silicone nanofilaments
National Category
Agricultural and Veterinary sciences Wood Science
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323746 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-01362Vinnova, 2017-02712
Note

QC 20230316

Available from: 2023-02-12 Created: 2023-02-12 Last updated: 2023-03-16Bibliographically approved

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Yin, Haiyan

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