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Chloride Ion Diffusion Resistance of Bulk Hydrophobic Concrete: Comparison of w/c and Dosages
Weber Saint-Gobain AB, Pålamalmsvägen 60, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7820-4052
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1526-9331
Heidelberg Materials Cement, Sweden.
Consultant, Enskede.
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2023 (English)In: Nordic Concrete Research, ISSN 0800-6377, Vol. 68, no 1, p. 17-38Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Post-cast application of hydrophobic agents onto hardened concrete is successful at reducing external ion diffusion into cement paste, this work examines pre-cast application of hydrophobic admixtures in fresh concrete. Concretes, with water to cement ratios (w/c) 0.45 and 0.50 (CEM I; low C3A), were mixed. Adding alkyltrialkoxysilane or triacylglycerol admixtures ranging from 1 to 3 wt%cem in these concretes were evaluated. Increasing the dosage of hydrophobic admixtures decreased the compressive strength. The usage of these admixtures did not hinder the further development of the microstructure as all concretes gained strength after one year, but not in the same percentage increase as the reference concrete.

 

Chloride ion diffusion, after exposure to 3 wt% NaCl solution at 20 °C for 91 days, in concretes with 1 wt%cem admixture showed slight reductions in diffusion rate (8-17%) compared to the reference. At 3 wt%cem, triacylglycerol admixtures showed better hindering effects of inward chloride diffusion, this was especially evident in w/c = 0.45. Equivalent addition of alkyltrialkoxysilane-based admixtures increased the diffusion of chloride ions transferred into the cement matrix.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter GmbH , 2023. Vol. 68, no 1, p. 17-38
Keywords [en]
Admixtures, alkyl trialkoxysilanes, chloride diffusion, concrete, hydrophobic, silane, triacylglycerol, vegetable oil
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325020DOI: 10.2478/ncr-2022-0020ISI: 001036328400002OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-325020DiVA, id: diva2:1745908
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), 383Swedish Transport Administration, 2017/57524Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 2017/57524
Note

QC 20230405

Available from: 2023-03-26 Created: 2023-03-26 Last updated: 2023-09-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Material Properties of Bulk Hydrophobic Concrete in a Nordic Environment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Material Properties of Bulk Hydrophobic Concrete in a Nordic Environment
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Concrete in its unaltered form allows the mass transfer of fluids into and out of its microstructure. These fluids can contain detrimental solutes which change the chemistry of the cement paste and/or the corrosion properties of the reinforcement bars, most noticeably hydrogen carbonates (HCO3-), oxygen (O2) and chloride ions (Cl-). Water and its solutions containing salts, mostly sodium chloride (NaCl), can also cause physical damage due to phase changes (freezing and thawing). 

External application of hydrophobic agents onto the cement paste surface is a well-known method to alter the mass transfer at this interface. Bulk application of hydrophobic agents in ready mixed concrete is also a possible route but alters the entire cement paste.

This thesis presents relevant aspects concerning the use of bulk hydrophobic agents in concrete within a spectrum water to cement ratio   (w/c) = 0.40-0.50. The main focus was on triacylglycerides (TAG) and alkyl alkoxysilanes (“silanes”) with application rates 1-3% based on cement weight. 

Alterations to the compressive strengths have been observed and documented over a three-year period. The relative drop in mechanical strength is inversely proportional to w/c. The higher the addition rate, the lower the compressive strength. Chemical differences within the hydrophobic groupings (TAG or “silanes”) resulted in different outcomes. This was most noticeable in the water absorption, compressive strengths and chloride diffusion. 

Freeze thaw testing did show noticeable differences, the use of “silanes” was detrimental in these tests even in deionsed water. The exact mechanism is unknown, but thin section analysis shows a lack of air entrainer (even when added on the fresh concrete mix) and extensive cracking in the entire cement paste. The scaling in concrete with TAGs was smaller but needs further improving. 

The main properties intended with these agents were the ability to alter the mass transfer of water or solutions into the cement paste. Capillary suction and diffusion were examined. Increasing the w/c reduces the effectiveness of the hydrophobic agents to resist water uptake. This was seen in capillary suction and uni-directional chloride diffusion testing.

Processed TAGs were more effective in reducing chloride diffusion than the unprocessed chemical whereas, in some cases, the “silanes” actually increased the amount of chloride ions transferred into the cement paste. Only a slight positive effect can be seen at the lower inclusion rate (1%). Increasing the w/c reduces the resistance to chloride ion diffusion with the same dosage rate. 

A field test station close to vehicular traffic was also established in 2018 and 2019, but the specimens have not been tested at this point in time. It is hoped that these and other future studies will lead to a complete PhD project.

Abstract [sv]

Betong i sin oförändrade form tillåter masstransport av vätskor i och ur dess mikrostruktur. Dessa vätskor kan innehålla skadliga lösta ämnen som förändrar cementpastans kemi och/eller korrosionsegenskaperna hos armeringsjärnen, framför allt vätekarbonater (HCO3-), syre (O2) och kloridjoner (Cl-). Vatten och dess lösningar som innehåller salter, mestadels natriumklorider (NaCl), kan till och med orsaka fysisk skada på grund av fasförändringar (frysning och upptining).

Extern applicering av hydrofoba medel på cementpastans yta är en välkänd metod för att ändra masstransport genom denna gränsyta.

Bulkapplicering av hydrofoba medel i färdigblandad betong är också en möjlig väg, och resulterar i förändringar i hela cementpastan.

Denna licentiatavhandling presenterar relevanta aspekter rörande användningen av bulk-hydrofoba medel i betong inom intervall av vattencementtal = 0,40-0,50 (vct). Huvudfokus låg på triacylglyceroler (TAG) och alkyl-alkoxisilaner (”silaner”) med inblandning 1-3 % baserat på cementvikt.

Förändringar av tryckhållfasthet har observerats och dokumenterats under en treårsperiod. Den relativa reduktionen i mekanisk hållfasthet är omvänt proportionell mot vct. Ju högre tillsatsmängd i cementpastan desto lägre tryckhållfasthet. Kemiska skillnader inom de hydrofoba grupperna (TAG eller "silaner") resulterade i olika resultat. Detta var mest märkbart i vattenabsorption, tryckhållfasthet och kloriddiffusion.

Frysprovning visade märkbara skillnader, användningen av "silaner" var skadlig i dessa tester även i avjoniserat vatten. Den exakta mekanismen är okänd, men tunnslipsanalys visar på brist på luftporbildare (även om den tillsätts i stora mängder i den färska betongblandningen) och omfattande sprickbildning i hela cementpastan. Avskalningen i betong med TAG var mindre men behöver ytterligare förbättras.

De huvudsakliga egenskaperna avsedda med dessa medel var förmågan att förändra masstransport av vatten eller lösningar till cementpastan. Kapillärsugning och diffusion undersöktes. Att öka vct minskar effektiviteten hos de hydrofoba medlen för att motstå vattenupptagning. Detta sågs vid kapillärsugning och enkelriktad kloriddiffusionsprovning.

Raffinerade TAG:er var effektivare att minska kloriddiffusion än den oraffinerade, medan "silanerna" i visa fall faktiskt ökade mängden kloridjoner som överfördes inne i cementpastan. Något positiva effekt kan ses vid den lägre inkluderingstillsatsen (1 %). Att öka vct minskar motståndet mot kloridjondiffusion.

En fältteststation intill fordonstrafik etablerades också 2018 och 2019 men provkropparna har inte testats vid denna tidpunkt. Förhoppningen är att dessa och andra framtida studier ska leda till ett komplett doktorandprojekt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 84
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2312
Keywords
alkyl alkoxysilane, capillary suction, chloride ingress, concrete, hydrophobic agents, triacylglycerides
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324989 (URN)978-91-8040-520-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-04-21, B26, Brinellvägen 23, KTH, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67403522553, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), 383Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 2017/57524Swedish Transport Administration, 2017/57524
Note

QC 230330

Available from: 2023-03-30 Created: 2023-03-26 Last updated: 2023-03-30Bibliographically approved

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Rogers, PatrickSilfwerbrand, Johan

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