kth.sePublications
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Material Properties of Bulk Hydrophobic Concrete in a Nordic Environment
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Concrete in its unaltered form allows the mass transfer of fluids into and out of its microstructure. These fluids can contain detrimental solutes which change the chemistry of the cement paste and/or the corrosion properties of the reinforcement bars, most noticeably hydrogen carbonates (HCO3-), oxygen (O2) and chloride ions (Cl-). Water and its solutions containing salts, mostly sodium chloride (NaCl), can also cause physical damage due to phase changes (freezing and thawing). 

External application of hydrophobic agents onto the cement paste surface is a well-known method to alter the mass transfer at this interface. Bulk application of hydrophobic agents in ready mixed concrete is also a possible route but alters the entire cement paste.

This thesis presents relevant aspects concerning the use of bulk hydrophobic agents in concrete within a spectrum water to cement ratio   (w/c) = 0.40-0.50. The main focus was on triacylglycerides (TAG) and alkyl alkoxysilanes (“silanes”) with application rates 1-3% based on cement weight. 

Alterations to the compressive strengths have been observed and documented over a three-year period. The relative drop in mechanical strength is inversely proportional to w/c. The higher the addition rate, the lower the compressive strength. Chemical differences within the hydrophobic groupings (TAG or “silanes”) resulted in different outcomes. This was most noticeable in the water absorption, compressive strengths and chloride diffusion. 

Freeze thaw testing did show noticeable differences, the use of “silanes” was detrimental in these tests even in deionsed water. The exact mechanism is unknown, but thin section analysis shows a lack of air entrainer (even when added on the fresh concrete mix) and extensive cracking in the entire cement paste. The scaling in concrete with TAGs was smaller but needs further improving. 

The main properties intended with these agents were the ability to alter the mass transfer of water or solutions into the cement paste. Capillary suction and diffusion were examined. Increasing the w/c reduces the effectiveness of the hydrophobic agents to resist water uptake. This was seen in capillary suction and uni-directional chloride diffusion testing.

Processed TAGs were more effective in reducing chloride diffusion than the unprocessed chemical whereas, in some cases, the “silanes” actually increased the amount of chloride ions transferred into the cement paste. Only a slight positive effect can be seen at the lower inclusion rate (1%). Increasing the w/c reduces the resistance to chloride ion diffusion with the same dosage rate. 

A field test station close to vehicular traffic was also established in 2018 and 2019, but the specimens have not been tested at this point in time. It is hoped that these and other future studies will lead to a complete PhD project.

Abstract [sv]

Betong i sin oförändrade form tillåter masstransport av vätskor i och ur dess mikrostruktur. Dessa vätskor kan innehålla skadliga lösta ämnen som förändrar cementpastans kemi och/eller korrosionsegenskaperna hos armeringsjärnen, framför allt vätekarbonater (HCO3-), syre (O2) och kloridjoner (Cl-). Vatten och dess lösningar som innehåller salter, mestadels natriumklorider (NaCl), kan till och med orsaka fysisk skada på grund av fasförändringar (frysning och upptining).

Extern applicering av hydrofoba medel på cementpastans yta är en välkänd metod för att ändra masstransport genom denna gränsyta.

Bulkapplicering av hydrofoba medel i färdigblandad betong är också en möjlig väg, och resulterar i förändringar i hela cementpastan.

Denna licentiatavhandling presenterar relevanta aspekter rörande användningen av bulk-hydrofoba medel i betong inom intervall av vattencementtal = 0,40-0,50 (vct). Huvudfokus låg på triacylglyceroler (TAG) och alkyl-alkoxisilaner (”silaner”) med inblandning 1-3 % baserat på cementvikt.

Förändringar av tryckhållfasthet har observerats och dokumenterats under en treårsperiod. Den relativa reduktionen i mekanisk hållfasthet är omvänt proportionell mot vct. Ju högre tillsatsmängd i cementpastan desto lägre tryckhållfasthet. Kemiska skillnader inom de hydrofoba grupperna (TAG eller "silaner") resulterade i olika resultat. Detta var mest märkbart i vattenabsorption, tryckhållfasthet och kloriddiffusion.

Frysprovning visade märkbara skillnader, användningen av "silaner" var skadlig i dessa tester även i avjoniserat vatten. Den exakta mekanismen är okänd, men tunnslipsanalys visar på brist på luftporbildare (även om den tillsätts i stora mängder i den färska betongblandningen) och omfattande sprickbildning i hela cementpastan. Avskalningen i betong med TAG var mindre men behöver ytterligare förbättras.

De huvudsakliga egenskaperna avsedda med dessa medel var förmågan att förändra masstransport av vatten eller lösningar till cementpastan. Kapillärsugning och diffusion undersöktes. Att öka vct minskar effektiviteten hos de hydrofoba medlen för att motstå vattenupptagning. Detta sågs vid kapillärsugning och enkelriktad kloriddiffusionsprovning.

Raffinerade TAG:er var effektivare att minska kloriddiffusion än den oraffinerade, medan "silanerna" i visa fall faktiskt ökade mängden kloridjoner som överfördes inne i cementpastan. Något positiva effekt kan ses vid den lägre inkluderingstillsatsen (1 %). Att öka vct minskar motståndet mot kloridjondiffusion.

En fältteststation intill fordonstrafik etablerades också 2018 och 2019 men provkropparna har inte testats vid denna tidpunkt. Förhoppningen är att dessa och andra framtida studier ska leda till ett komplett doktorandprojekt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 84
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2312
Keywords [en]
alkyl alkoxysilane, capillary suction, chloride ingress, concrete, hydrophobic agents, triacylglycerides
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324989ISBN: 978-91-8040-520-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-324989DiVA, id: diva2:1745909
Presentation
2023-04-21, B26, Brinellvägen 23, KTH, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67403522553, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), 383Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 2017/57524Swedish Transport Administration, 2017/57524
Note

QC 230330

Available from: 2023-03-30 Created: 2023-03-26 Last updated: 2023-03-30Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. BULK HYDROPHOBIC STRUCTURAL CONCRETE FOR USE IN NORDIC CONDITIONS - INITIAL STUDY
Open this publication in new window or tab >>BULK HYDROPHOBIC STRUCTURAL CONCRETE FOR USE IN NORDIC CONDITIONS - INITIAL STUDY
2017 (English)In: 8th International Conference on Water Repellent Treatment and Protective Surface Technology for Building Materials (Hydrophobe VIII), Hong Kong, December 7-9, 2017., Hong Kong, 2017Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Reinforced concrete is a universal composite product available globally. The ability to shape and cast concrete to fit the needs of the end user at a relatively low cost is its main advantage. The service life of a reinforced concrete structure can be over 100 years. Concrete and the embedded steel though can degrade over time due to frost damage, chloride induced corrosion, alkali silica reaction etc. Costly repairs and social inconvenience are often the consequence. External mass flow of water through defects in the concrete or in the concrete’s pore structure is a leading cause of material breakdown of the cement paste or reinforcement bars. The reduction of this flow would be beneficial as this has the potential to hinder the transport of undesired ions such as chlorides or sulphates into the cement paste. In Justnes [1] various chemicals were summarized and demonstrated as having hydrophobic or damp proofing properties in concrete, in particular vegetable oils at an application 1.5% of cement weight with a water to cement ratio of 0.5. This paper will also extend beyond that limit for bulk hydrophobic agents in concrete in reducing water permeability and diffusion of external chlorides within this composite material. The resulting fresh and hardened properties will also be evaluated. Finally, the most effective concretes will then be exposed to real life external environments, such as a Nordic tunnel, over several years. The study is in its infancy and so preliminary results will be presented.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Hong Kong: , 2017
Keywords
Hydrophobe, Concrete, Mortar, Water Absorption, Bulk
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255662 (URN)
Conference
8th International Conference on Water Repellent Treatment and Protective Surface Technology for Building Materials (Hydrophobe VIII), Hong Kong, December 7-9, 2017.
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2017/57524Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), 383
Note

QC 20190812

Available from: 2019-08-06 Created: 2019-08-06 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
2. Bulk Hydrophobic Civil Engineering Concrete for Nordic Conditions: Freeze Thaw Action
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bulk Hydrophobic Civil Engineering Concrete for Nordic Conditions: Freeze Thaw Action
2019 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Concrete is a composite building material which long term function can be modified for example by changing the water to cement ratio (w/c) or by adding in other chemical admixtures to change the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. The overall goal of this study is to reduce the water absorption capacity of the cement paste/microstructure by at least 85 %. This is achieved by using bulk hydrophobic agents in the mixing phase rather than post hardened surface application. Numerous commercial agents and vegetable oils were tested and showed promising results at a dosage equal to 3% of cement weight. This though affected compressive strengths negatively. As these concretes will be exposed to Nordic winter conditions, the concrete should perform well under repeated salt water freezing and thawing. This continued study will show how a selection of these bulk hydrophobic concretes performed during this part of the study. The concrete has a w/c = 0.4 with a cement content (CEM I) of 430 kg/m3.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The International Federation for Structural Concrete, 2019
Keywords
Bulk hydrophobic concrete, siloxanes, vegetable oils, freeze thaw action, thin section analysis
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261190 (URN)2-s2.0-85066107127 (Scopus ID)
Conference
fib Symposium 2019, Concrete - Innovations in Materials, Design and Structures, May, 27-29, 2019, Krakow, Poland
Note

Duplicate in Scopus 2-s2.0-85134806605

QC 20191008

Available from: 2019-10-02 Created: 2019-10-02 Last updated: 2023-07-23Bibliographically approved
3. Chloride Ion Diffusion Resistance of Bulk Hydrophobic Concrete: Comparison of w/c and Dosages
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Chloride Ion Diffusion Resistance of Bulk Hydrophobic Concrete: Comparison of w/c and Dosages
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Nordic Concrete Research, ISSN 0800-6377, Vol. 68, no 1, p. 17-38Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Post-cast application of hydrophobic agents onto hardened concrete is successful at reducing external ion diffusion into cement paste, this work examines pre-cast application of hydrophobic admixtures in fresh concrete. Concretes, with water to cement ratios (w/c) 0.45 and 0.50 (CEM I; low C3A), were mixed. Adding alkyltrialkoxysilane or triacylglycerol admixtures ranging from 1 to 3 wt%cem in these concretes were evaluated. Increasing the dosage of hydrophobic admixtures decreased the compressive strength. The usage of these admixtures did not hinder the further development of the microstructure as all concretes gained strength after one year, but not in the same percentage increase as the reference concrete.

 

Chloride ion diffusion, after exposure to 3 wt% NaCl solution at 20 °C for 91 days, in concretes with 1 wt%cem admixture showed slight reductions in diffusion rate (8-17%) compared to the reference. At 3 wt%cem, triacylglycerol admixtures showed better hindering effects of inward chloride diffusion, this was especially evident in w/c = 0.45. Equivalent addition of alkyltrialkoxysilane-based admixtures increased the diffusion of chloride ions transferred into the cement matrix.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023
Keywords
Admixtures, alkyl trialkoxysilanes, chloride diffusion, concrete, hydrophobic, silane, triacylglycerol, vegetable oil
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325020 (URN)10.2478/ncr-2022-0020 (DOI)001036328400002 ()
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), 383Swedish Transport Administration, 2017/57524Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 2017/57524
Note

QC 20230405

Available from: 2023-03-26 Created: 2023-03-26 Last updated: 2023-09-21Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

Kappa(2625 kB)335 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 2625 kBChecksum SHA-512
baa33df7393b59ffa1912f18c519d33556fe6cc02231777c8f8af7132b0b304e722f8bfe05e42be7d3e3678e11f663e359c7790ef15ed86ef86277ece42e592a
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
Appendix 1(771 kB)47 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT05.pdfFile size 771 kBChecksum SHA-512
57bae3cf1a7abfcd95a86cf74fa2e1af000e47f1e72792c1411b9fee598a9e35ed41c5a682dfe0099109cec1727e67132beb0d6e1a7f093432de2c431b6af8c8
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
Appendix 2(888 kB)57 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT06.pdfFile size 888 kBChecksum SHA-512
5c4fae9a6e228a77ef20fd09f8289e670551b3949a5f526406a1b9ff10bd35da743c8659ca5fa46dc931312def8d41c547febb8492cb30a18a557e2d17926f11
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
Appendix 3(239 kB)54 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT07.pdfFile size 239 kBChecksum SHA-512
f36ffff871af132495e9decc69fb619262f88d15be703f9baa41a1fafac0c287b2c22778866fe371b6670547bf1fb0ece2e84742b19eb66035ec07fb00b3ab45
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
Appendix 4(353 kB)57 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT08.pdfFile size 353 kBChecksum SHA-512
07487e55f5fa297131d5fcf4c5c4c1d5be1757ba3fab8a7136b5de53b251a6a1c87002989d9c0a857a481c6c17ed4ad3204eb0d69eafea8c2ee706a460a52254
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
Appendix 5(344 kB)60 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT09.pdfFile size 344 kBChecksum SHA-512
7af1cfe8fc07c114a7abd81adc43e778f6bcaafd23c85a82b950acc0fadab17ae56b5f19a366f2e7278e8aa57b436114a67b72fd8cf3dcd0c86c3bdf2ada2c31
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
Appendix 6(484 kB)59 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT10.pdfFile size 484 kBChecksum SHA-512
f434c8ad80f5e3ea211f6a844b6a375c4a3f08dac831f6dfa00d61cc801b37eeb9ff4da37d95d67a6eac57470c44018fe5feaaef398cb5fe04aec33d66b3d75a
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Rogers, Patrick
By organisation
Concrete Structures
Other Materials Engineering

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 671 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 735 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf