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The planner's dilemma: An ethical investigation of adaptation to sea level rise
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Philosophy and History, Philosophy.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6338-8864
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This is a thesis on the ethics of adaptation to sea level rise, with a focus on proactive adaptation planning. The research, which has been conducted within a transdisciplinary research project, takes a bottom-up approach to applied ethics, and has been conducted in close collaboration withadaptation planners and other project partners. The thesis consists of an introductory chapter which includes broader methodological concerns, and an overview of scientific and theoretical issues that are considered as relevant background to the broader research topic, as well as five articles.

Article 1: Departing from an interview study with planners working with adaptation to sea level rise in Sweden, a typology of ethical issuesis presented. It is shown that planners have to deal with input-oriented, process-oriented, and outcome-oriented ethical issues, and that knowledge of these can contribute to ethical adaptation policy.

Article 2: Responsibility of adaptation to sea level rise is often assigned to local planners. But what does it mean to be responsible? Departing from the idea of professional virtues, three codes of ethics for planners are analysed to extract aspirational characteristics for planners. The identified virtues are put in relation to central challenges of adaptation, where five virtues stand out as central to the understanding of what it means to be responsible in adaptation to sea level rise.

Article 3: A method building on Value Sensitive Design (VSD) and scenario planning is developed and applied to address the challenge of integrating ethics when planning for uncertainty over long time-horizons, in the context of adaptation to sea level rise. The method iscalled VSSP and consists of three steps for scenario development and three steps for value investigations. The application resulted in insights on aspects important for an ethical long-term adaptation to sea levelrise.

Article 4: Climate change and adaptation to climate change tend to have disproportionately negative impacts on women. An analysis of what a gender-sensitive adaptation planning needs to address is conducted, and the potential of VSSP as an approach for promoting gender equality in long-term adaptation planning is investigated.

Article 5: The concept of feasibility, as it is used in the climate change context, is discussed. It is found that common uses of the term fail to capture what is meant by feasibility, and that this can have significant consequences for practical deliberation on climate policy. The conditional probability account of feasibility, as discussed in political theory, is suggested as a preferable account for feasibility in the climate change discourse.

In all, the thesis explores a range of ethical topics of relevance in the context of planning for a sustainable adaptation to sea level rise. It bridges practical experiences and concerns with insights from the fields of climate ethics, decision theory, philosophy of technology, and political philosophy, to mention a few. In doing this, the thesis contributes to thegrowing field of ethics of climate change adaptation, with results that can be of interest to both philosophers, planners, and others working with adaptation genrally and adaptation to sea level rise specifically.

Abstract [sv]

Den här avhandlingen utforskar etiska aspekter i anpassning till stigande havsnivåer. Som en följd av klimatförändringarna stiger de globala havsnivåerna. Exakt hur mycket havsnivåerna kommer stiga beror på våra framtida utsläpp, men även om våra utsläpp av växthusgaser skulle upphöra helt kan vi räkna med att havsnivåhöjningen kommer pågå under åtminstone de närmaste århundradena. Redan idag påverkas många samhällen av erosion, saltvattenintrång och en ökad frekvens på översvämningar. På sikt kommer dessa problem förvärras och kustnära samhällen utsättas för stora risker. För att hantera detta kommer samhällen behöva lägga mer resurser på anpassning. Anpassning till stigande havsnivåer kan bland annat ta form av hårda skydd såsom murar eller vallar mot havet, ekosystembaserade skydd som mangroveskogar, eller genom att flytta samhällen och människor från riskzoner, en så kallad planerad reträtt. Det som är utmärkande för anpassning till stigande havsnivåer är att det i stor utsträckning handlar om ingrepp i den byggda miljön, vilket gör att anpassning till stigande havsnivåer på många sätt kan betraktas som en sorts fysisk planering.

 

I de flesta samhällen kommer anpassning innebära en kombination av insatser, och när anpassningsstrategier formuleras kommer det behövas tas hänsyn till mål- och värdekonflikter. I och med detta kan anpassning till klimatförändringarna och till stigande havsnivåer uppfattas som etisk till sin natur. En etisk analys kan bidra med att systematisera rätt och fel och bistå med verktyg för att fatta välmotiverade beslut. Trots detta har förhållandevis lite forskning inriktat sig på just etisk anpassning till stigande havsnivåer. Denna avhandling bidrar med etiska analyser av anpassning till stigande havsnivåer, med särskild inriktning på lokal och regional anpassning och planerarens roll i anpassningsprocessen. Forskningen som presenteras har genomförts inom det tvärvetenskapliga forskningsprojektet Sea-rims (Sustainable and ethical adaptation to rising mean sea levels) som har genomförts som ett samarbete mellan den filosofiska avdelningen på KTH och med Statens Geotekniska Institut (SGI). Projektgruppen har tillsammans med projektpartners från sydsvenska kommuner och länsstyrelser, samt en referensgrupp med representanter från myndigheter som arbetar med anpassning till stigande havsnivåer, utforskat etiska dimensioner av de problem som projektmedlemmarna står inför. Avhandlingen kan därmed ses som ett exempel på tillämpad etik.

 

Avhandlingen består av en kappa och fem artiklar. Kappan inleds med en introduktion av avhandlingen och forskningsprojektet inom vilken den har skrivits. I avsnitt 2 i kappan diskuteras tre metodologiska förhållningssätt som ligger till grund för avhandlingsarbetet: tillämpad etik, distinktionen mellan ideal och icke-ideal teori, samt empirisk och fältfilosofi (eng. field philosophy). I avsnitt t och 4 redogör jag för den vetenskapliga bakgrunden till frågeställningarna. Detta innefattar en överblick av klimatförändringarna och stigande havsnivåer, de risker som uppstår som en konsekvens av klimatförändringarna och stigande havsnivåer, samt olika sätt att bemöta dessa risker. Det framstår tydligt att anpassning till stigande havsnivåer kommer vara utmanande, inte minst då det råder stor osäkerhet kring hur mycket och hur snabbt havsnivåerna kommer stiga. I avsnitt 5-12 har jag valt att gå på djupet i några etiska frågeställningar av relevans för avhandlingen tema: anpassningens politiska natur, distinktionen mellan inkrementell och transformativ anpassning, aspekter av rättvisa i klimatanpassning, värdet av att tillämpa capabilities approaches för att främja rättvisa i anpassning, intergenerationell rättvisa och diskontering och anpassning, osäkerhet i klimatanpassning, och anpassning som en form av design. Kappan rundas av med avslutande reflektioner i avsnitt 13 och engelska sammanfattningar av artiklarna i avsnitt 14.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 89
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2328Theses in philosophy from the Royal Institute of Technology, ISSN 1650-8831
Keywords [en]
adaptation, climate change, sea level rise, planning, ethics, applied ethics, value sensitive design, planning for uncertainty
National Category
Ethics
Research subject
Philosophy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326703Local ID: 978-91-8040-596-6OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-326703DiVA, id: diva2:1755661
Public defence
2023-06-02, D37, Lindstedtsvägen 9, KTH Campus, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65578393895, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Sea-rims
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-20135
Note

QC 230511

Available from: 2023-05-11 Created: 2023-05-09 Last updated: 2023-05-15Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A Value Sensitive Scenario Planning Method for Adaptation to Uncertain Future Sea Level Rise
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Value Sensitive Scenario Planning Method for Adaptation to Uncertain Future Sea Level Rise
2021 (English)In: Science and Engineering Ethics, ISSN 1353-3452, E-ISSN 1471-5546, Vol. 27, no 6, article id 69Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Value sensitive design (VSD) aims at creating better technology based on social and ethical values. However, VSD has not been applied to long-term and uncertain future developments, such as societal planning for climate change. This paper describes a new method that combines elements from VSD with scenario planning. The method was developed for and applied to a case study of adaptation to sea level rise (SLR) in southern Sweden in a series of workshops. The participants of the workshops found that the method provided a framework for discussing long-term planning, enabled identification of essential values, challenged established planning practices, helped find creative solutions, and served as a reminder that we do not know what will happen in the future. Finally, we reflect on the limitations of the method and suggest further research on how it can be improved for value sensitive design of adaptation measures to manage uncertain future sea level rise.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2021
Keywords
Management of Technology and Innovation, Health Policy, Issues, ethics and legal aspects, Health(social science)
National Category
Ethics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305002 (URN)10.1007/s11948-021-00347-0 (DOI)000719878000001 ()34787726 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85119132193 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas
Note

QC 20211124

Available from: 2021-11-18 Created: 2021-11-18 Last updated: 2023-05-12Bibliographically approved
2. Professional Virtues for a Responsible Adaptation to Sea Level Rise
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Professional Virtues for a Responsible Adaptation to Sea Level Rise
2021 (English)In: Philosophies, ISSN 2409-9287, Vol. 6, no 2Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the field of responsibility and climate change, much attention has been paid to actions and what we need to do in order to take responsibility. This paper shifts the perspective from what we should do to how we should be in order to be responsible. Looking at the case of local adaptation to sea level rise, the question of what characterizes a responsible planner is addressed. Departing from the idea of professional virtues, aspirational characteristics are extrapolated from three codes of ethics for planners. The identified virtues are discussed in relation to the central challenges of adaptation to sea level rise, giving an indication of which virtues are most important in this given context. When placing the responsible planner in an institutional context, it is evident that while a virtue perspective should not replace a system analysis, it provides a valuable complement to the traditional action-focused discourse on responsible adaptation.

Keywords
responsibility; adaptation; sea level rise; professional virtues; codes of conduct; codes of ethics; planning
National Category
Ethics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294091 (URN)10.3390/philosophies6020037 (DOI)000668171000001 ()2-s2.0-85112465782 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas
Note

QC 20210510

Available from: 2021-05-07 Created: 2021-05-07 Last updated: 2023-05-09Bibliographically approved
3. Getting adaptation right – challenges and ethical issues facing planners adapting to sea level rise in southern Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Getting adaptation right – challenges and ethical issues facing planners adapting to sea level rise in southern Sweden
2021 (English)In: Local Environment: the International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, ISSN 1354-9839, E-ISSN 1469-6711, Vol. 26, no 4, p. 504-516Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sea level rise (SLR) caused by climate change presents challenges for public planners all over the world. In this study, practical challenges and ethical factors in adaptation to SLR were identified based on interviews with planners in Sweden. Six challenges were identified: lack of knowledge and human resources, lacking integration and coordination, lacking or insufficient frameworks for dealing with long-time-horizons, responsibility for implementation and financing, and goal conflicts in the process of implementing adaptation policy. These challenges are then developed into a typology of ethical factors that are of particular importance for adaptation to SLR, categorised as input-oriented, process-oriented and outcome-oriented ethical factors. The challenges and ethical factors identified in this paper are the first step taken towards answering the question of what a sustainable and ethical adaptation to SLR in the context of local and regional policy-making could look like.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2021
Keywords
Sea level rise; adaptation; ethics; planning; public policy
National Category
Ethics
Research subject
Philosophy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294088 (URN)10.1080/13549839.2021.1901267 (DOI)000630295600001 ()2-s2.0-85102934019 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Sea-rims
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-20135
Note

QC 20210507

Available from: 2021-05-07 Created: 2021-05-07 Last updated: 2023-05-09Bibliographically approved
4. Towards a gender-sensitive adaptation to climate change
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards a gender-sensitive adaptation to climate change
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Climate change and adaptation to climate change tend tohave disproportionally negative impacts on women. Given that existing vulnerabilities and inequalities commonly are reproduced through adaptation, adaptation planning should be considered a political process. Justice as well as pragmatic reasons require that gender concernsare addressed in adaptation planning, but currently there are few suggestions for how this should be done in practice. In this paper, it issuggested that three objectives that need to be fulfilled to achieve agender-sensitive adaptation are: inclusive processes, just outcomes, and transformational change. Gender impact assessments (GIA) offer an established approach for evaluating policy and planning but falls shortwhen it comes to accounting for uncertain future developments thatadaptation policy ought to consider. A method called value-sensitive scenario planning (VSSP) is proposed as a possible approach for addressing gender concerns in long-term adaptation planning. It is argued that VSSP has potential to further inclusive processes and just outcomes, but does not necessarily facilitate much-needed transformational change. However, it is a promising start towards a gender-sensitive adaptation planning. 

National Category
Ethics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326701 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-20135
Note

QC 20230509

Available from: 2023-05-09 Created: 2023-05-09 Last updated: 2023-05-10Bibliographically approved
5. Understanding Feasibility of Climate Change Goals and Actions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Understanding Feasibility of Climate Change Goals and Actions
2023 (English)In: Ethics, Policy & Environment, ISSN 2155-0085, E-ISSN 2155-0093, p. 1-15Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Climate change goals and actions are often discussed with reference to their feasibility. However, in the climate change literature, there is no agreed upon understanding of what feasibility means. In this paper, insights from political philosophy are used to address this problem in a two-fold way. First, different uses of the term feasibility in the climate change context are critically analyzed, surfacing problematic uses that can have severe consequences for what goals or actions are considered. Second, the ‘conditional probability account of feasibility’ is presented as a positive account of how feasibility should be understood in the climate change context, and applied to the case of managed retreat as an approach for adaptation to sea level rise. Together, the critical analysis and the positive proposal furthers a necessary discussion on feasibility in the context of climate change.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2023
National Category
Ethics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326698 (URN)10.1080/21550085.2023.2180254 (DOI)000941177400001 ()2-s2.0-85149284408 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-20135
Note

QC 20230509

Available from: 2023-05-09 Created: 2023-05-09 Last updated: 2023-05-09Bibliographically approved

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