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Development and Evaluation of eHealth Services Regarding Accessibility: Scoping Literature Review
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID. Habilitering & Hälsa, Västra Götalandsregionen, Skövde, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4925-8080
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID. Faculty of Engineering, LTH Department of Design Sciences, Certec, Lund, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7975-6198
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8748-3559
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2411-6417
Show others and affiliations
2023 (English)In: Journal of Medical Internet Research, E-ISSN 1438-8871, Vol. 25, article id e45118Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AbstractBackground:Accessibility is acknowledged as a key to inclusion in the Convention of Rights for People with Disabilities. An inaccessible design can result in exclusion from eHealth and cause disability among people who have impairments.

Objective:This scoping literature review aimed to investigate how eHealth services have been developed and evaluated regarding accessibility for people with impairments.

Methods:In line with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework for scoping studies and using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we conducted a search in 4 databases (PubMed, Scopus, IEEE, and Web of Science) in October 2020 and an update of the search in June 2022. The search strategy was structured according to the PICO model as follows: Population/Problem, digital accessibility for users with impairment; Intervention, health care delivered by any digital solution; Comparison, not applicable; Outcome, use of and adherence to (1) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), (2) other accessibility guidelines, and (3) other means, for designing or evaluating accessibility in eHealth services. A Boolean search was conducted by combining terms related to accessibility and eHealth. All authors participated in screening abstracts according to the eligibility criteria. Each publication, containing a potentially relevant abstract, was read (full text) and assessed for eligibility by 2 authors independently and pairwise. Publications deemed eligible were read by all authors and discussed for consensus.

Results:A total of 8643 publications were identified. After abstract screening, 131 publications remained for full-text reading. Of those, 116 publications were excluded as they did not meet the eligibility criteria. Fifteen publications involving studies of 12 eHealth services were included in the study. Of the 15 publications, 2 provided a definition of accessibility, 5 provided an explanation of accessibility, and 8 did not provide any explanation. Five publications used the WCAG to evaluate accessibility when developing eHealth services. One publication used International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 29138, ISO 2941, and ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 30071-1 standards together with the Spanish Association for Standardization (UNE) 139803 standard. Eleven publications used other means to address accessibility, including text-level grading; literature review about accessibility; user tests, focus groups, interviews, and design workshops with target groups of patients, relatives, and health care professionals; and comparative analysis of existing technical solutions to provide information about useful requirements.

Conclusions:Although a clear definition of accessibility can enhance operationalization and thus measurability when evaluating accessibility in eHealth services, accessibility was insufficiently defined in most of the included studies. Further, accessibility guidelines and standards were used to a very limited extent in the development and evaluation of eHealth services. Guidelines for developing complex interventions that include guidance for accessibility are motivated to ensure that accessibility will be considered systematically in eHealth services.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
JMIR Publications Inc. , 2023. Vol. 25, article id e45118
Keywords [en]
eHealth, accessibility
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Human-computer Interaction
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334548DOI: 10.2196/45118ISI: 001064943100001PubMedID: 37590050Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85168256037OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-334548DiVA, id: diva2:1790423
Note

QC 20230823

Available from: 2023-08-22 Created: 2023-08-22 Last updated: 2025-05-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Cognitive Accessibility in eHealth – Introducing Participatory Research through Design
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cognitive Accessibility in eHealth – Introducing Participatory Research through Design
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The digitalisation of healthcare often comes with promises of solving future expected increasing demands on healthcare and ensuring equitable health service distribution. However, this promise is not yet realised in Sweden’s present eHealth services. Meanwhile, Swedish public healthcare is moving towards person-centred care, where the person’s resources, experiences, and needs are considered. The primary motive of this thesis is to contribute to knowledge on how to design eHealth services that support cognitive accessibility for increased equity. The work in this thesis is based on the idea that accessibility is important, and that people affected by problems in eHealth should be part of the design of accessible eHealth services. The research started by looking into previous research on accessibility in eHealth services and then focused on Sweden’s local context. There are regulations on accessibility in eHealth services the European Union (EU). Therefore, we investigated how Swedish public healthcare complies with this regulation. The scope was then narrowed to cognitive accessibility, an area not sufficiently covered by the EU regulations and current guidelines. Together with people with lived experiences of cognitive impairments, we explored participatory design methods for cognitive accessibility and how to make an impact in real-life settings. We used two cases for the research: the personal eHealth services on the Swedish national healthcare website 1177.se; and a symptom checker and triage tool, called 1177 direkt, presented as a conversational agent. For the first case, we co-designed a prototype for enhanced cognitive accessibility and used it as a dialogue tool to make an impact on the development of the existing eHealth services. For the second case, we evaluated 1177 direkt and conducted co-design activities for suggestions on enhanced cognitive accessibility with a collaborative approach with representatives from the product owner. In this case, the product owners are both the company that develops and markets the product, and Inera, which procures the product so that public healthcare providers can select it from Inera’s range of services and products. This thesis ii concludes that eHealth services that are experienced as inaccessible will most likely remain inaccessible if we continue developing eHealth services as before. Considering the insights from people with lived experience of cognitive impairment in participatory approaches when designing eHealth services can contribute to eHealth services that support person-centred care.

Abstract [sv]

Digitalisering av hälso- och sjukvården lovar ofta att lösa framtida ökande krav och säkerställa rättvis fördelning av hälso- och sjukvårdstjänster. Dessa löften har ännu inte infriats i Sveriges nuvarande eHälsotjänster. Samtidigt rör sig den svenska offentliga hälso- och sjukvården mot personcentrerad vård, där individens resurser, erfarenheter och behov beaktas. Syftet med denna avhandling är att bidra till kunskapen om hur man utformar eHälsotjänster som stödjer kognitiv tillgänglighet för ökad jämlikhet. Avhandlingen bygger på idén att tillgänglighet är viktigt och att personer som påverkas av problem inom eHälsa bör vara en del av utformningen av dessa tjänster. Forskningen började med att granska tidigare forskning om tillgänglighet i eHälsotjänster och fokuserade sedan på den svenska kontexten. Det finns lagar om tillgänglighet i eHälsotjänster inom Europeiska unionen (EU). Vi undersökte hur den svenska offentliga hälso- och sjukvården följer EU:s lagar om webbtillgänglighet. Därefter fokuserade forskningen på kognitiv tillgänglighet, ett område som inte täcks tillräckligt av EU-lagar och de riktlinjer lagarna pekar på. Tillsammans med personer med levda erfarenheter av kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar utforskade vi deltagande designmetoder för att förbättra kognitiv tillgänglighet i eHälsotjänster samt hur man kan påverka de befintliga eHälsotjänsterna. Vi använde två fall: de personliga eHälsotjänsterna på den svenska nationella hälso- och sjukvårdswebbplatsen 1177.se samt ett symptombedömnings- och triageverktyg utformat som en samtalsagent, 1177 direkt. I det första fallet samskapade vi en prototyp för förbättrad kognitiv tillgänglighet som vi använde som ett dialogverktyg. För det andra fallet utvärderade vi 1177 direkt och genomförde samskapande aktiviteter för förbättringsförslag gällande kognitiv tillgänglighet. Studien gjordes med ett samarbetsinriktat tillvägagångssätt tillsammans med representanter från produktägarperspektivet. Produktägaren i detta fall är företaget som utvecklar och lanserar produkten på marknaden, och Inera som upphandlar produkten så att offentlig sjukvård kan välja produkten från Ineras utbud av tjänster och produkter. Slutsatsen är att om vi fortsätter utveckla eHälsotjänster som tidigare, kommer de troligen att fortsätta vara svåra att använda för många. Genom att involvera personer med levda erfarenheter av kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar i utformningen kan vi skapa eHälsotjänster som är lättare att använda och som bättre stödjer personcentrerad vård.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 67
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:62
Keywords
Cognitive Accessibility, eHealth, Participatory Design, Research through Design, Impairment, Disability
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Human-computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363313 (URN)978-91-8106-302-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-13, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68571101309, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2018-01806Region Västra Götaland
Note

QC 20250513

Available from: 2025-05-13 Created: 2025-05-13 Last updated: 2025-05-21Bibliographically approved

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Jonsson, MarikaJohansson, StefanHussain, DenaGulliksen, Jan

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