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Hornification of cellulose-rich materials: A kinetically trapped state
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0624-2185
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4388-8970
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9176-7116
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8622-0386
2023 (English)In: Carbohydrate Polymers, ISSN 0144-8617, E-ISSN 1879-1344, Vol. 318, article id 121132Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The fundamental understanding concerning cellulose-cellulose interactions under wet and dry conditions remains unclear. This is especially true regarding the drying-induced association of cellulose, commonly described as an irreversible phenomenon called hornification. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms behind hornification would contribute to new drying techniques for cellulose-based materials in the pulp and paper industry while at the same time enhancing material properties and facilitating the recyclability of cellulose-rich materials. In the present work, the irreversible joining of cellulose-rich surfaces has been studied by subjecting cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films to different heat treatments to establish a link between reswelling properties, structural characteristics as well as chemical and mechanical analyses. A heating time/temperature dependence was observed for the reswelling of the CNF films, which is related to the extent of hornification and is different for different chemical compositions of the fibrils. Further, the results indicate that hornification is related to a diffusion process and that the reswellability increases very slowly over long time, indicating that equilibrium is not reached. Hence, hornification is suggested to be a kinetically limited phenomenon governed by non-covalent reversible interactions and a time/temperature dependence on their forming and breaking.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2023. Vol. 318, article id 121132
Keywords [en]
Aggregation, Cellulose nanofibril, Hornification, Kinetics, Swelling
National Category
Materials Chemistry Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334855DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121132ISI: 001056626000001PubMedID: 37479442Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85163374088OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-334855DiVA, id: diva2:1792048
Note

QC 20230829

Available from: 2023-08-28 Created: 2023-08-28 Last updated: 2024-05-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Characterization and Utilization of Interactions in Wet and Dry Cellulose Nanofibrillar Networks
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterization and Utilization of Interactions in Wet and Dry Cellulose Nanofibrillar Networks
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Expanding our understanding of how cellulose fibers and fibrils interact with water and its effect on their inherent properties is needed to optimize their utilization in the making of novel bio-based materials, but also useful in more traditional products (pulp, paper, and packaging).

The overall objective of the work in this thesis was to deepen the understanding of drying-induced structural changes and cellulose-water interactions using cellulosic model materials. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were employed as they present a distinct advantage with their defined geometry and controlled surface chemistry compared to macroscopic cellulose fibers.

The first part considers the fundamental interactions of CNFs in contact with water and by water removal, and is devoted to identifying the molecular mechanisms behind the process known as hornification. This was done by studying the exposure of CNF sheets to different heat treatments to establish a connection between their reswelling properties, chemical and structural characteristics, and mechanical behavior. The findings indicate that hornification is governed by non-covalent interactions and that the diffusion of water back into a hornified CNF network is kinetically limited. Furthermore, the influence of fibril aspect ratio and chemical functionality on the mechanical properties of wet fibrillar networks was studied. Fibrils were prepared from fibers with different hemicellulose content. It was found that longer fibrils formed stiffer and more ductile materials, owing to a longer-range and more uniform distribution of stress transfer. Additionally, high aspect ratio fibrils form networks capable of holding larger amounts of water. It was also possible to elucidate the influence of aspect ratio on the network formation, where long and short fibrils form networks with different topologies. These results were integrated into a mechanical network model to present an improved elastoplastic description of the network properties.

The second part of the thesis presents potential applications where control of the water uptake in the fibrillar networks is required. Anisotropic fibrillar hydrogels were prepared to function as actuators and superabsorbents. With the help of the knowledge built in the first part of the work, the water uptake in the fibrillar networks could be maximized. This resulted in CNF hydrogel actuators far surpassing conventional hydrogel used in actuation performance and integration of CNF sheets in a superabsorbent heterostructure, where the most strongly immobilized water can be retained at high pressures. 

Abstract [sv]

Att utvidga vår förståelse för hur cellulosafibrer och fibriller interagerar med vatten och dess effekt på deras inneboende egenskaper är nödvändigt för att optimera deras användning vid tillverkning av nya biobaserade material, men även i traditionella produkter (massa, papper och förpackningar).

Det övergripande målet med arbetet i denna avhandling var att fördjupa förståelsen för strukturella förändringar orsakade av torkning och cellulosa-vatten interaktioner med hjälp av cellulosabaserade modellmaterial. Cellulosa nanofibriller (CNFs) användes då de har en fördel med sin definierade geometri och kontrollerade ytkemi i jämförelse med makroskopiska cellulosafibrer. 

Den första delen avhandlar de grundläggande interaktionerna mellan CNFs i kontakt med vatten och efter vattenborttagning, och ägnas åt att identifiera de molekylära mekanismerna bakom processen som kallas hornifiering. Detta gjordes genom att studera CNF-ark som utsatts för olika värmebehandlingar för att fastställa en koppling mellan deras svällningsegenskaper, kemiska och strukturella egenskaper samt mekaniska beteende. Resultaten indikerar att förhorning styrs av icke-kovalenta interaktioner och att diffusionen av vatten tillbaka in i ett förhornat CNF-nätverk är kinetiskt begränsad. Sedan studerades inflytandet av fibrillernas längd-bredd förhållande och kemisk funktionalitet på de mekaniska egenskaperna hos våta fibrillnätverk. Fibriller framställdes från fibrer med olika hemicellulosahalt. Resultaten visade att längre fibriller bildade styvare och mer töjbara material, tack vare en längre och mer jämn fördelning av belastningsöverföring. Dessutom bildar fibriller med högt längd-bredd förhållande nätverk som kan hålla större mängder vatten. Det var också möjligt att förklara inflytandet av längd-bredd förhållande på nätverksbildningen, där långa och korta fibriller bildar nätverk med olika topologier. Dessa resultat integrerades i en mekanisk nätverksmodell för att presentera en förbättrad elastoplastisk beskrivning av nätverksegenskaperna.

Den andra delen av avhandlingen presenterar potentiella tillämpningar där kontroll av vattenupptaget i fibrillnätverken krävs. Anisotropa fibrillära hydrogeler framställdes för att fungera som aktuatorer och superabsorbenter. Med hjälp av kunskapen som byggts upp i första delen av avhandlingen kunde vattenupptaget i fibrillnätverken maximeras. Detta resulterade i CNF hydrogelaktuatorer som långt överträffade konventionella hydrogeler i aktuatorprestanda, och integration av CNF-ark i en superabsorbent heterostruktur, där det starkast bundna vattnet kan behållas vid höga tryck.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 72
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:21
Keywords
Cellulose nanofibrils, Drying, Swelling, Colloidal interactions, Network structure, Cellulosa nanofibriller, Torkning, Svällning, Kolloidala interaktioner, Nätverksstrukturer
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346231 (URN)978-91-8040-932-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-06-05, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 20240508

Embargo godkänt av skolchef Amelie Eriksson Karlström via e-post 2024-05-08

Available from: 2024-05-08 Created: 2024-05-07 Last updated: 2024-05-08Bibliographically approved

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Sellman, Farhiya AlexBenselfelt, TobiasLarsson, Per TomasWågberg, Lars

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