The Mediterranean regionMediterranean region is characterized by specific climatic (dry and hot summers and mild winters), geologic (especially karstic formations) and topographic gradients that make it diverse in terms of socio-economic and environmental features, but also unique. It has been considered a biodiversity hotspot but also a climate changeClimate change hotspot, with temperature increases above the global average. Water resources are unevenly distributed, with some areas suffering from water stress. Population growth has been leading to urban expansion, especially in coastal areas, landscape fragmentation and reduction of agricultural land. Both climate changeClimate change and inefficient natural resources management have led to land degradationEnvironmental degradation and desertification, and loss of biodiversity. This chapter presents the main characteristics and some of the most relevant environmental problems of the Mediterranean region that must be understood when paving the way to sustainable development.