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Analysis of thermal stratification and erosion phenomena induced by steam injection through a sparger in large scale pool experiments PANDA and PPOOLEX
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0649-027x
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0683-9136
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3066-3492
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Steam injection through spargers into a Pressure Suppression Pool (PSP) is used to prevent containment overpressure during primary system depressurization in normal operation and accident conditions. Direct Contact Condensation (DCC) of steam induces mass, momentum, and heat sources and thermal stratification can develop in the pool if the momentum source is not sufficient to overcome the buoyancy created by the heat source. The thermal stratification reduces the heat storage capacity of the pool, increasing the pool surface temperature and thus containment pressure compared to mixed pool configuration. In this work we analyze the results of the large scale pool experiments in PANDA and PPOOLEX facilities to develop better understanding of the phenomena and regimes that govern the multi-scale system. Specifically we compare the results of the tests performed with the steam injection through the sparger head (horizontal injection) and the load reduction ring (downwards injection). We demonstrate that the response of the pool in terms of stable position of the thermocline and velocity of the thermocline motion can be described with proper selection of the non-dimensional scaling parameters for both facilities and directions of the steam injection. We also summarize and interpret other observations from the tests that are important for understanding of the pool thermohydraulic phenomena and development of respective predictive capabilities.

Keywords [en]
Thermal stratification, steam condensation, erosion velocity, stable position of the thermocline, Richardson scaling, turbulence.
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-360116OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-360116DiVA, id: diva2:1938415
Note

QC 20250218

Available from: 2025-02-18 Created: 2025-02-18 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Thermal stratification and mixing induced by steam injection into a pressure suppression pool
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermal stratification and mixing induced by steam injection into a pressure suppression pool
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) employ the Pressure Suppression Pool (PSP) to prevent containment overpressure. Steam released from the primary coolant system is injected into the pool and condensed rapidly upon direct contact with subcooled water. However, steam injection can lead to the development of thermal stratification in the pool. The increased surface temperature of the stratified pool also increases containment pressure compared to a mixed pool. This process can become of safety significance, as it was observed in the Fukushima Daichi accident. 

 

The primary objective of PSP safety analysis is to verify that pool temperature remains within acceptable limits. The state-of-the-art approach has to rely on assumptions about the fraction of the pool acting as a heat sink, i.e. elevation of the thermocline. There is a need for more mechanistic approaches that can adequately resolve the interactions among various phenomena, safety systems, and operational procedures that can clarify the degree of conservatism in the currently employed approaches to safety analysis. For this purpose, a computationally efficient tool known as the Effective Heat Source (EHS) and Effective Momentum Source (EMS) models have been proposed. The models are used to simulate the integral effect of steam injection on the large-scale pool without explicit modeling of the dynamics of the interface between steam and water.

 

This thesis aims to make a significant step toward the development and validation of the predictive capabilities of the EHS/EMS models for the assessment of the PSP performance during steam injection through spargers. To achieve this goal, a synergic framework that integrates both experimental and numerical campaigns has been developed.

 

Conceptual design and conditions for a series of Integral Effect Tests (IETs) of steam injection through a sparger into a large-scale pool in the PANDA facility have been proposed. A set of Separate Effect Tests (SETs) of steam injection in the SEF-POOL facility is proposed to develop new correlations for the EMS. A Bubble-based Particle Tracking Velocimetry (Bub-PTV) technique is developed and implemented in SEF-POOL to measure the streamwise velocity profiles induced by steam injection.

 

Modeling guidelines for CFD simulations using EHS/EMS models are developed for the prediction of the thermal behavior of the pool. A turbulence source to represent the effects of steam condensation is proposed. The applicability and validity of the modeling approaches are assessed by comparing them with the measurements obtained in IETs. Also, an approach of scaling based models is proposed to predict the erosion velocity of the thermocline.

 

The developed modeling approaches are applied to analyze the PSP performance of a Nordic BWR during various realistic scenarios. The possibility of thermal stratification and the effects of activation of different systems on the pool behavior are investigated.

Abstract [sv]

Kokvattenreaktorer (BWR) använder tryckavlastningsbassängen (PSP) för att förhindra övertryck i inneslutningen. Ånga som frigörs från det primära kylsystemet injiceras i bassängen och kondenseras snabbt vid direkt kontakt med underkylt vatten. Ånginjektion kan dock leda till utveckling av termisk skiktning i bassängen. Den ökade yttemperaturen hos en skiktad bassäng ökar även trycket i inneslutningen jämfört med en blandad bassäng. Denna process kan bli av betydelse för säkerheten, något som observerades vid olyckan i Fukushima Daichi.

 

Det primära målet med PSP-säkerhetsanalys är att verifiera att bassängens temperatur förblir inom acceptabla gränser. Toppmoderna metoder bygger på antaganden om vilken del av bassängen som fungerar som en värmesänka, dvs. termoklinens höjd. Det finns ett behov av mer mekanistiska tillvägagångssätt som på ett tillfredsställande sätt kan lösa samspelet mellan olika fenomen, säkerhetssystem och operativa procedurer, för att klargöra graden av konservatism i nuvarande säkerhetsanalyser. För detta ändamål har en beräkningsmässigt effektiv metod, känd som modellerna för Effektiv Värmekälla (EHS) och Effektiv Rörelsemängdskälla (EMS), föreslagits. Modellerna används för att simulera ånginjektionens integrerade effekt på bassängen i stor skala utan att explicit modellera dynamiken i gränssnittet mellan ånga och vatten.

 

Denna avhandling syftar till att ta ett betydande steg i utvecklingen och valideringen av EHS/EMS-modellernas prediktiva förmåga för bedömning av PSP-prestanda vid ånginjektion genom spridare. För att uppnå detta mål har en synergetisk ram utvecklats som integrerar både experimentella och numeriska kampanjer.

 

Konceptuell design och förhållanden för en serie av integrerade effektförsök (IET) av ånginjektion genom en spridare i en stor bassäng vid PANDA-anläggningen har föreslagits. En uppsättning separata effektförsök (SET) av ånginjektion i SEF-POOL-anläggningen föreslås för att utveckla nya korrelationer för EMS. En bubbelbaserad partikelspårnings velocimetri (Bub-PTV)-teknik har utvecklats och implementerats i SEF-POOL för att mäta strömningshastighetsprofiler som induceras av ånginjektion.

 

Riktlinjer för modellering för CFD-simuleringar med hjälp av EHS/EMS-modeller har utvecklats för att förutsäga bassängens termiska beteende. En turbulenskälla föreslås för att representera inverkan av ångkondensation. Modellernas giltighet och tillämpbarhet bedöms genom att jämföra dem med de mätningar som erhållits i IET. Dessutom föreslås en skalningsbaserad metod för att förutsäga termoklinens erosionshastighet. 

 

Modelleringsmetoderna som utvecklats används för att analysera PSP-prestandan för en nordisk BWR under olika realistiska scenarier. Möjligheten till termisk skiktning och effekterna av aktivering av olika system på bassängens beteende undersöks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:12
Keywords
Steam injection, EHS/EMS models, spargers, CFD, thermal stratification, turbulence, pressure suppression pool, Ånginjektion, EHS/EMS-modeller, spridare, CFD, termisk skiktning, turbulens, tryckavlastningsbassäng.
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-360120 (URN)978-91-8106-219-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-10, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66779613563, F3 (Flodis), Lindstedtsvägen 26, 114 28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority
Note

QC 2025-02-18

Available from: 2025-02-18 Created: 2025-02-18 Last updated: 2025-02-19Bibliographically approved

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Wang, XichengKudinov, PavelGrishchenko, Dmitry

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