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From SPAN to Filtered Historical Simulation VaR: Evaluating Initial Margin Models for Central Counterparties
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Mathematics (Div.).
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Mathematics (Div.).
2025 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesisAlternative title
Från SPAN till filtrerad historisk simulering VaR: En utvärdering av marginalkravsmodeller för centrala motparter (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

In Central Counterparty (CCP) clearing, there is an ongoing shift from the historically dominant SPAN margin model to Filtered Historical Simulation (FHS) Value at Risk (VaR) based margin models. While the academic literature on FHS VaR estimation often favors GARCH-type models, CCPs in practice typically implement EWMA-based approaches. This thesis evaluates GARCH, GJR-GARCH, FIGARCH, EGARCH, and EWMA volatility filters with varying lookback windows in the context of FHS VaR margin models. Using data from 2013 to early 2025, the analysis is based on portfolios consisting of futures contracts, with all models designed to comply with regulatory requirements. The margin models is built in eight steps. The core FHS VaR component, representing the model before regulatory adjustments, is assessed using the Kupiec and Christoffersen statistical tests. The primary evaluation is based on a loss function designed to capture key properties such as margin size, exceedance behavior, and margin variability. The findings show that FHS VaR-based margin models generally outperform SPAN, with the EWMA-based model using a 250-day lookback window achieving the best overall results. Compared to SPAN, EWMA-based models offer more responsive margin setting and reduced exceedance frequency, with more gradual daily adjustments in contrast to SPAN’s infrequent but often abrupt updates. These results support the industry’s transition to FHS VaR based margin models and point to EWMA as a particularly practical and effective choice for CCPs.

Abstract [sv]

Inom clearingverksamhet hos centrala motparter (CCP:er) pågår ett skifte från den historiskt dominerande marginalkravsmodellen SPAN till marginalkravsmodeller baserade på filtrerad historisk simulering (FHS) Value at Risk (VaR). Även om den akademiska litteraturen kring FHS VaR ofta förespråkar modeller av GARCH-typ, implementerar CCP:er i praktiken vanligtvis EWMA-baserade metoder. I denna avhandling utvärderas GARCH-, GJR-GARCH-, FIGARCH-, EGARCH- och EWMA-volatilitetsfilter med varierande återblicksfönster i kontexten av FHS VaR-baserade marginalkravsmodeller. Med data från 2013 till början av 2025 baseras analysen på portföljer bestående av terminskontrakt, där alla modeller är utformade i enlighet med regulatoriska krav. Marginalkravsmodellerna byggs upp i åtta steg. Den centrala FHS VaR-komponenten, som representerar marginalkravsmodellen före regulatoriska justeringar, utvärderas med hjälp av Kupiec- och Christoffersen-testerna. Den huvudsakliga utvärderingen baseras på en förlustfunktion som fångar viktiga egenskaper såsom marginalkravets storlek, frekvens av överträdelser och variabilitet. Resultaten visar att FHS VaR-baserade marginalkravsmodeller generellt presterar bättre än SPAN, där modellen baserad på EWMA med ett 250-dagars fönster uppnår bäst resultat. Jämfört med SPAN erbjuder EWMA-baserade modeller mer responsiv hantering av marginalkrav och färre överträdelser, med mer gradvisa dagliga justeringar i kontrast till SPAN:s mer lågfrekventa men ofta abrupta uppdateringar. Dessa resultat stödjer branschens övergång till FHS VaR-baserade marginalkravsmodeller och pekar på EWMA som ett särskilt praktiskt och effektivt val för CCP:er.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025. , p. 81
Series
TRITA-SCI-GRU ; 2025:067
Keywords [en]
Central Counterparty, margin model, SPAN, FHS VaR, EWMA, GARCH
Keywords [sv]
Central motpart, marginalkravsmodell, SPAN, FHS-VaR, EWMA, GARCH
National Category
Other Mathematics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-364083OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-364083DiVA, id: diva2:1963332
External cooperation
Scila AB
Subject / course
Financial Mathematics
Educational program
Master of Science - Industrial Engineering and Management
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Examiners
Available from: 2025-06-04 Created: 2025-06-03 Last updated: 2025-06-04Bibliographically approved

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