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Simulating Occupancy in Office Buildings with Non-Homogeneous Markov Chains for Demand Response Analysis
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Industrial Information and Control Systems. (PSMIX)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9860-4472
Uppsala Univeristy.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Industrial Information and Control Systems. (PSMIX)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3014-5609
2015 (English)In: Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2015 IEEE, IEEE conference proceedings, 2015, p. 1-5Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Demand Response (DR) is a promising solution todeal with supply/demand imbalances in the power systems. To appreciate the availability of DR, it is important to include enduser behavior in the analysis. In this paper, a model that can generate representative occupancy profiles in single office rooms is presented. The used method is non-homogeneous Markov chain modeling, along with exploratory data analysis of occupancy data, and an estimation of occupancy levels for different months and weekdays. The Markov chain model is calibrated with occupancy sensor data from 24 single rooms collected from an office building floor in Sweden. The simulation results have been statistically compared with a test data set consisting of occupancy data in 23 other rooms on the same floor. It was shown that the model could reproduce key occupancy properties of the test data.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE conference proceedings, 2015. p. 1-5
Keywords [en]
Occupancy patterns, Office buildings, Demand Response, Non-homogeneous Markov chains
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170865DOI: 10.1109/PESGM.2015.7285865ISI: 000371397501008Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84956853150OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-170865DiVA, id: diva2:840724
Conference
The IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, July 26-30, 2015 2015
Funder
StandUp
Note

QC 20151015

Available from: 2015-07-09 Created: 2015-07-09 Last updated: 2022-06-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Modeling and Simulation of Electricity Consumption Profiles in the Northern European Building Stock
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling and Simulation of Electricity Consumption Profiles in the Northern European Building Stock
2016 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The electric power systems are currently being transformed through the integration of intermittent renewable energy resources and new types of electric loads. These developments run the risk of increasing mismatches between electricity supply and demand, and may cause non-favorable utilization rates of some power system components. Using Demand Response (DR) from flexible loads in the building stock is a promising solution to overcome these challenges for electricity market actors. However, as DR is not used at a large scale today, there are validity concerns regarding its cost-benefit and reliability when compared to traditional investment options in the power sector, e.g. network refurbishment. To analyze the potential in DR solutions, bottom-up simulation models which capture consumption processes in buildings is an alternative. These models must be simple enough to allow aggregations of buildings to be instantiated and at the same time intricate enough to include variations in individual behaviors of end-users. This is done so the electricity market actor can analyze how large volumes of flexibility acts in various market and power system operation contexts, but also can appreciate how individual end-users are affected by DR actions in terms of cost and comfort.

The contribution of this thesis is bottom-up simulation models for generating load profiles in detached houses and office buildings. The models connect end-user behavior with the usage of appliances and hot water loads through non-homogenous Markov chains, along with physical modeling of the indoor environment and consumption of heating and cooling loads through lumped capacitance models. The modeling is based on a simplified approach where openly available data and statistics are used, i.e. data that is subject to privacy limitations, such as smart meter measurements are excluded. The models have been validated using real load data from detached houses and office buildings, related models in literature, along with energy-use statistics from national databases. The validation shows that the modeling approach is sound and can provide reasonably accurate load profiles as the error results are in alignment with related models from other research groups.

This thesis is a composite thesis of five papers. Paper 1 presents a bottom-up simulation model to generate load profiles from space heating, hot water and appliances in detached houses. Paper 2 presents a data analytic framework for analyzing electricity-use from heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) loads and appliance loads in an office building. Paper 3 presents a non-homogeneous Markov chain model to simulate representative occupancy profiles in single office rooms. Paper 4 utilizes the results in paper 2 and 3 to describe a bottom-up simulation model that generates load profiles in office buildings including HVAC loads and appliances. Paper 5 uses the model in paper 1 to analyze the technical feasibility of using DR to solve congestion problems in a distribution grid.

Abstract [sv]

Integrering av förnybara energikällor och nya typer av laster i de elektriska energisystemen är möjliga svar till klimatförändringar och uttömning av ändliga naturresurser. Denna integration kan dock öka obalanserna mellan utbud och efterfrågan av elektricitet, och orsaka en ogynnsam utnyttjandegrad av vissa kraftsystemkomponenter. Att använda efterfrågeflexibilitet (Demand Response) i byggnadsbeståndet är en möjlig lösning till dessa problem för olika elmarknadsaktörer. Men eftersom efterfrågeflexibilitet inte används i stor skala idag finns det obesvarade frågor gällande lösningens kostnadsnytta och tillförlitlighet jämfört med traditionella investeringsalternativ i kraftsektorn. För att analysera efterfrågeflexibilitetslösningar är botten-upp-simuleringsmodeller som fångar elförbrukningsprocesser i byggnaderna ett alternativ. Dessa modeller måste vara enkla nog för att kunna representera aggregeringar av många byggnader men samtidigt tillräckligt komplicerade för att kunna inkludera unika slutanvändarbeteenden. Detta är nödvändigt när elmarknadsaktören vill analysera hur stora volymer efterfrågeflexibilitet påverkar elmarknaden och kraftsystemen, men samtidigt förstå hur styrningen inverkar på den enskilda slutanvändaren. 

Bidraget från denna avhandling är botten-upp-simuleringsmodeller för generering av elförbrukningsprofiler i småhus och kontorsbyggnader. Modellerna kopplar slutanvändarbeteende med elförbrukning från apparater och varmvattenanvändning tillsammans med fysikaliska modeller av värmedynamiken i byggnaderna. Modellerna är byggda på en förenklad approach som använder öppen data och statistisk, där data som har integritetsproblem har exkluderats. Simuleringsresultat har validerats mot elförbrukningsdata från småhus och kontorsbyggnader,  relaterade modeller från andra forskargrupper samt energistatistik från nationella databaser. Valideringen visar att modellerna kan generera elförbrukningsprofiler med rimlig noggrannhet.

Denna avhandling är en sammanläggningsavhandling bestående av fem artiklar. Artikel 1 presenterar botten-upp-simuleringsmodellen för genereringen av elförbrukningsprofiler från uppvärmning, varmvatten och apparater i småhus. Artikel 2 presenterar ett dataanalytiskt ramverk för analys av elanvändningen från uppvärmning, ventilation, och luftkonditioneringslaster (HVAC) och apparatlaster i en kontorsbyggnad. Artikel 3 presenterar en icke-homogen Markovkedjemodell för simulering av representativa närvaroprofiler i enskilda kontorsrum. Artikel  4 använder resultaten i artiklarna  2 och 3 för att beskriva en botten-upp-simuleringsmodell för generering av elförbrukningsprofiler från HVAC-laster och apparater i kontorsbyggnader. Artikel  5 använder modellen i artikel 1 för att analysera den tekniska möjligheten att använda efterfrågeflexibilitet för att lösa överbelastningsproblem i ett eldistributionsnät.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2016. p. xiv, 73
Series
TRITA-EE, ISSN 1653-5146 ; 2016:038
Keywords
Demand Response, Flexible loads, Building stock energy-use, Bottom-up simulation models, Load profiles, Non-homogeneous Markov-chains, End-user behavior, Lumped capacitance models, HVAC system control, Smart Grid., Efterfrågeflexibilitet, Flexibla laster, Energianvändning i byggnadsstocken, Botten-upp-simuleringsmodeller, Elförbrukningsprofiler, Icke-homogena Markovkedjor, Slutanvändarbeteenden, Värmedynamikmodellering, Styrning av HVAC-laster, Smarta elnät.
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-184093 (URN)978-91-7595-886-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2016-04-22, L1, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20160329

Available from: 2016-03-29 Created: 2016-03-23 Last updated: 2022-06-23Bibliographically approved

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Sandels, ClaesNordström, Lars

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