Nanostructured materials have attracted a broad interest in various technologies such as optoelectronics. In this thesis, nanostructured semiconductor nanocrystals, including inorganic and organic materials, were fabricated by solution based methods. The reaction conditions were optimized to control the size and morphology of the obtained nanocrystals. The optical and photoelectric properties of nanocrystals were evaluated for potential optoelectronic applications.

Colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized via thermolysis method and layers of CdS was further grown on the core CdSe QDs to form a core-shell heterostructure quantum dots (HQDs). The optical properties of HQDs were evaluated and showed the characteristics of quasi-type-II alignment of energy levels, which has potential for excitonic solar cell (XSC) application.

Nanofibers of the semiconducting polymer poly-(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were synthesized via a modified whisker method. In order to control the size (both the length and the diameter) of nanofibers, we systematically studied the ratio between mixture solvents and the solute concentration. In addition, the degradation processes of P3HT nanofibers on different substrates under various environments were investigated. We found that the degradation of P3HT nanofibers can be effectively suppressed by using the substrate of higher conductivity. A nanocomposite consisting of HQDs and P3HT nanofibers was fabricated and its photoelectric properties were evaluated by I-V measurements. A ‘turn-on’ voltage was found and revealed the localization of excited holes within the HQDs, which confirmed the quasi-type-II alignment between core and shell energy levels.

In addition, we aligned the P3HT nanofibers by applying the external electric field. Alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) induced alignments of P3HT nanofibers were investigated respectively to study the effects of different electric fields on the alignment behavior. It was determined that the AC electric field allowed a better alignment of nanofibers. Moreover, two different lengths of P3HT nanofibers were aligned and their absorption spectra were measured. Under polarized light beams, we observed a better aligned pattern in the case of longer nanofibers, shown as a higher dichroic ratio calculated from optical absorption spectra. These aligned nanofibers may find applications in optoelectronic devices.

The recent development of photonics and applications puts new challenges for systems using emission, transmission and modulation of light. For these reasons, novel optical materials attract a special interest for their enabling properties for novel technologies.

In this work, we performed the research on fundamental properties and the possibility of implementation of electro-optical response of Poly-3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl (P3HT) nanofibers, which belong to the class of organic semiconductor crystalline materials. Our research demonstrated that an external electric field allows controlling the orientation of nanofibers dispersed in a solution by changing the electrical properties of P3HT crystals. This method was used to introduce a collective alignment of P3HT nanofibers and to impact the optical properties of the colloid. The spectroscopic and polarization measurements show that P3HT nanofibers possess optical anisotropy in a wide range of visible spectrum. This property combined with the ability to manipulate the orientation of nanofibers dynamically, was used for direct phase and intensity modulation of transmitted light. Along with these investigations, several engineering and technology tasks were solved. We have designed the transverse electro-optical cell using all-optical-fiber approach, as well as the longitudinal electro-optical cell was fabricated using a novel polymer molding technique.

The obtained research results demonstrate the potential of P3HT crystalline nanofibers as a material class of large niche of applications, not only limited to photovoltaics but also being implemented in electro-optical systems to control light polarization and propagation.