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Biobased Cationically Polymerizable Epoxy Thermosets from Furan and Fatty Acid Derivatives
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology.
Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, DPC, Soltofts Plads Bldg 227, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.;Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem, Bygning 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark..
Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem, Bygning 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark..
Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, DPC, Soltofts Plads Bldg 227, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark..
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2018 (English)In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, E-ISSN 2168-0485, Vol. 6, no 7, p. 9442-9450Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the pursuit of environmentally friendly building blocks in polymer chemistry the utilization of biobased monomers is highly desired. In the present study, the biobased monomer 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has been extended into epoxy thermosets. The study presents the synthesis of diallyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (DAFDC) followed by an epoxidation of the allyls to form diglycidyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (DGFDC). DGFDC was then copolymerized in both stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric ratios with epoxidized fatty methyl esters to form a range of thermosets. The cross-linking reaction was either thermally or UV-induced cationic polymerization utilizing onium salt initiators where the reactivity was studied by DSC and real-time fourier transform infrared analysis. Furthermore, the structure-property relationships of the final thermosets were determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis revealing a possibility to tune the properties over a wide range. In addition thermosets were made from diglycidyl Bisphenol-A (DGEBA) with epoxidized fatty methyl esters made for comparative purposes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2018. Vol. 6, no 7, p. 9442-9450
Keywords [en]
Renewable, Epoxy, FDCA, UV, Thermoset
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235900DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01817ISI: 000444924500149Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85048372457OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-235900DiVA, id: diva2:1254429
Note

QC 20181009

Available from: 2018-10-09 Created: 2018-10-09 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Exploring fatty acid derivatives from renewable resources as raw materials for coating applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring fatty acid derivatives from renewable resources as raw materials for coating applications
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the work presented herein, epoxy fatty acid derivatives were explored in the formation of thermosets for coating applications. The epoxy fatty acid derivatives were obtained from renewable resources such as birch tree bark and epoxidized linseed oil. The birch bark was used to isolate 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (EFA) and the epoxidized linseed oil was used to retrieve methyl stearate and 3 different epoxy methyl esters: epoxy methyl oleate/linoleate/linolenate (EMO/EMLO/EMLEN). The obtained epoxy fatty acid derivatives were used in resin formulations together with other reactants or in the synthesis of multifunctional oligomer resins using enzyme catalysis. All resins were cured using different polymerization techniques to form thermosets with a wide variety of properties.Multifunctional oligomer resin were synthesized using Candida Antarctica lipase-B (CALB) as enzyme. It was demonstrated that the synthesis was efficient and the oligomers were obtained from “one-pot” route. In addition, the selectivity of CALB was useful in preserving a variety of functional groups (epoxides, alkenes and thiols) in the final oligomers. The oligomers were cross-linked by either thiol-ene chemistry or cationic polymerization resulting in functional thermosets. It was further shown that surface properties of the cured thermosets could be changed by using post-functionalization.Pure fatty acid methyl esters cure into soft materials. An approach in increasing the thermal and mechanical properties was investigated. The 3 different epoxy functional methyl esters together with a furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid derivative were investigated in the formation of thermosets. Glass transition temperature (Tg) below 0 °C and above 100 °C were obtained by varying the stoichiometric feed of the reactants.The thermal curing of EFA as a one-component system was investigated by model studies showing that a self-catalyzed process occur. EFA thermally cures into a thermoset without the need of an added catalyst. Furthermore, the thermoset showed adhesive properties.Crude mixture containing methyl stearate, EMO, EMLO and EMLEN obtained from epoxidized linseed oil were investigated as reactive diluent in coil-coatings. The mixture was also compared with commercially available reactive diluents such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from rapeseed oil. The results obtained showed that more fatty methyl esters could be incorporated in the final thermoset when using the epoxidized linseed oil fatty acid derivatives.Real-time Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR) was used during most of the work presented in the thesis and proved to be a powerful tool in monitoring the different reactions and comparing relative reaction rates.

Abstract [sv]

I arbetet som presenteras i denna avhandling undersöktes epoxifettsyraderivat vid bildandet av härdplaster för ytmodifieringsapplikationer. Förnybara råvarorna björkbark och epoxiderad linolja andändes för att erhålla epoxifettsyraderivaten. Björkbarken användes för att isolera 9,10-epoxi-18-hydroxidekansyra (EFA) och epoxoderad linolja användes för att extrahera metylstearat och 3 olika epoximetylestrar: epoximetyl oleat/linoleat/linolenat (EMO/EMLO/EMLEN). Epoxifettsyraderivaten användes i olika hartsformuleringar tillammans med andra reaktanter eller vid syntes av multifunktionella oligomerhartser med hjälp av enzymatisk katalys. Med hjälp av olika polymerisationstekniker så härdades alla hartser till härdplaster med en mängd olika egenskaper.Multifunktionella oligomerhartser syntetiserades med hjälp av enzymet Candida Antarctica lipas-b (CALB). Syntesen visade sig vara effektiv och oligomererna erhölls från en sats. Dessutom var selektiviteten hos CALB användbar för att bevara en mängd olika funktionella grupper (epoxider, alkener och tioler) i de slutliga oligomererna. Tiol-ene kemi eller katjonisk polymerisation användes sedan för att härda oligomererna, vilket resulterade i funktionella härdplaster. Vidare visades att ytegenskaperna kunde ändras genom möjlighet till funktionalisering av härdplasterna.Mjuka material återfås då man härdar rena fettsyrametylestrar. Ett sätt att öka de termiska och mekaniska egenskaperna undersöktes. De tre olika epoxifunktionella metylestrarna tillsammans med furan-2,5-dicarboxylsyraderivat blandades i hartser och härdades. Genom att variera de stökiometriska förhållanderna av reaktanterna så erhölls glastemperaturer (Tg) under 0°C och över 100 °C.Undersökningen av termisk härdning av EFA som ett komponentssystem studerades genom modelstudier. Studierna visade att en självkatalyserad process sker då EFA värms upp. Detta leder således till att EFA kan termiskt härda utan behov av en tillsatt katalysator. Dessutom uppvisade härdplasten limegenskaper.Rå blandning innehållande metylstearate, EMO, EMLO och EMLEN som erhölls från epoxiderad linolja undersöktes som en reaktiv utspädare i spolbeläggningar. Blandningen jämfördes även med kommersiellt tillgängliga utspädare så som fettsyrametylestrar (FAME) erhållna från rapsolja. De erhållna resultaten påvisade att fler feta metylestrar kunde integreras i slutliga beläggningen när fettsyraderivat från epoxideradlinolja användes.Realtids Fourier-transform infrarödspektroskopi (RT-FTIR) användes under det mesta av arbetet som presenteras i denna avhandling. RT-FTIR visade sig vara ett kraftfullt vektyg för att övervaka de olika reaktionerna samt jämföra relativa reaktionshastigheter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019. p. 69
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2019:28
Keywords
epoxy, vegetable oils, birch bark, thermoset, bio-based, fatty acid, renewable resources
National Category
Polymer Technologies
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-250682 (URN)978-91-7873-184-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2019-05-29, Sal F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 20190506

Available from: 2019-05-06 Created: 2019-05-02 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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Nameer, SamerJohansson, Mats

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