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Freezing of partially saturated air-entrained concrete: A multiphase description of the hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4015-3373
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8000-6781
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3586-8988
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8336-1247
2018 (English)In: International Journal of Solids and Structures, ISSN 0020-7683, E-ISSN 1879-2146, Vol. 152-153, p. 294-304Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Even though air-entrained concrete is usually used for concrete structures located in cold climates that are exposed to wet environments, frost damage is frequently detected during inspections. However, it is often hard to assess the extent and severity of the damage and, thus, there is a need for better tools and aids that can complement already established assessment methods. Several studies have successfully shown that models based on poromechanics and a multiphase approach can be used to describe the freezing behaviour of air-entrained concrete. However, these models are often limited to the scale of the air pore system and, hence, hard to use in applications involving real structures. This study proposes a hygro-thermo-mechanical multiphase model which describes the freezing behaviour of partially saturated air-entrained concrete on the structural scale. The model is implemented in a general FE-code and two numerical examples are presented to validate and show the capabilities of the model. The first concerns a series of experimental tests of air-entrained cement pastes, whereas the second aims to show the capability of the model to account for an initial non-uniform distribution of moisture. While the model predictions underestimate the magnitude of the measured strains, the results still show that the model can capture the general freezing behaviour observed in the experimental tests on the structural scale. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the model is capable of describing freezing induced deformations caused by non-uniform moisture distributions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2018. Vol. 152-153, p. 294-304
Keywords [en]
Freezing, Partially saturated, Air-entrained concrete, Structural scale, Finite element modelling
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-237303DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.07.004ISI: 000447576100023Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85051402406OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-237303DiVA, id: diva2:1258987
Note

QC 20181114

Available from: 2018-10-26 Created: 2018-10-26 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Multiphase models for freeze-thaw actions and mass transport in concrete hydraulic structures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multiphase models for freeze-thaw actions and mass transport in concrete hydraulic structures
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A crucial task for civil engineers is to make appropriate designs of new concrete structures and assessments of existing structures to ensure a long service life and sustainable use of the infrastructure. This doctoral thesis aims to increase the understanding of how advanced mathematical models can be used to describe phenomena and processes governing concrete degradation and thereby ultimately contribute to improving tools for design and assessments. The focus is on degradation processes that cause commonly observed concrete damage types in hydraulic structures exposed to cold climates and soft water. During a structure's service life, it is subjected to various deteriorating actions, but for the typical exposure conditions considered in this work, degradation due to freeze-thaw exposure and calcium leaching is of particular concern for the durability. Hence, the work related to improved modelling has been focused on phenomena related to these two degradation processes of concrete and how they may interact to produce damaging synergy effects.

All developed models in this doctoral project treat concrete as a multiphase porous medium and use poromechanics to describe the coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour of the material. Moreover, since the overall aim concerns degradation in hydraulic structures, the model development has focused on obtaining formulations applicable for structural-scale simulations. The models presented in this thesis describe long-term water absorption into air-entrained concrete and the response of partially saturated air-entrained concrete exposed to freeze-thaw conditions. In the latter models, the phase changes and the freeze-thaw hysteresis are explicitly considered in the formulations. The presented simulation examples are performed using the Finite Element Method (FEM), and the capabilities of the models are verified with experimental data from the literature. Additionally, accelerated leaching experiments on air-entrained concrete are presented, where the influence of leaching on the formation and melting of ice inside the pore space due to pore structure alternations are investigated.

The main research contribution of this work is the development and evaluation of advanced models applicable for structural-scale simulations that describe essential processes and phenomena related to freeze-thaw exposure of air-entrained concrete. The experimental work shows the significant influence of calcium leaching on the freeze-thaw processes, and the results can also facilitate future development of models considering some of the interactions causing damaging synergy effects. Adopting a multiphase modelling approach has been found suitable for describing the coupled processes and including interactions between different deterioration mechanisms. The theoretical models can also help gain further insights and improve the understanding of the phenomena, and thus, e.g. aid in developing more simplified models suited for daily engineering applications.

Abstract [sv]

En viktig uppgift för anläggningsingenjörer är att utforma nya ändamålsenliga betongkonstruktioner och göra korrekta tillståndsbedömningar av befintliga konstruktioner för att säkerställa en lång livslängd och därmed hållbart nyttjande av vår infrastruktur. Syftet med denna doktorsavhandling är att förbättra kunskapsläget kring hur avancerade matematiska modeller kan användas för att beskriva de fenomen och processer som styr betongens nedbrytning och därigenom bidra till förbättrade verktyg som kan användas vid dimensionering och tillståndsbedömningar. Arbetet fokuserar på de nedbrytningsprocesser som leder till vanligt förekommande skador i vattenbyggandskonstruktioner som är exponerade för kalla klimat och mjukt vatten. Under en konstruktions livslängd utsätts den för ett flertal olika nedbrytningsprocesser, där frysning och tining samt kalkurlakning är av särskilt intresse för beständigheten givet de typiska exponeringsförhållanden som beaktas i detta arbete. Arbetet avseende förbättrad modellering har därför fokuserat på fenomen som är relaterade till dessa två nedbrytningsprocesser av betong och hur de samverkar för att skapa skadliga synergieffekter.

Samtliga modeller som utvecklats inom detta doktorandprojekt baseras på en multifasbeskrivning av betong som ett poröst material samt poromekanik för att beskriva det kopplade hydro-termo-mekaniska materialbeteendet. Eftersom det övergripande målet avser nedbrytning i vattenbyggnadskonstruktioner har modellutvecklingen fokuserat på modellformuleringar som kan användas för simulering på strukturskala. De modeller som presenteras i den här avhandlingen beskriver långtidsabsorption av vatten i lufttillsatt betong samt responsen hos delvis vattenmättad lufttillsatt betong exponerad för frysning och tining. I de senare modellerna inkluderas fasomvandlingar samt hysteresen vid frysning och tining explicit i modellformuleringarna. De presenterade simuleringsexemplen är genomförda med finita elementmetoden och modellernas beteende har verifierats med experimentella resultat från litteraturen. Dessutom presenteras accelererade urlakningsexperiment på lufttillsatt betong där urlakningens inverkan på isbildning och smältning i porsystemet på grund av förändringar i porstrukturen studerades.

Avhandlingens huvudsakliga forskningsbidrag är utveckling samt utvärdering av avancerade modeller avsedda för simulering på strukturskala och som beskriver viktiga processer och fenomen relaterade till frysning och tining av lufttillsatt betong. Det experimentella arbetet visar på den betydande inverkan av kalkurlakning på frysning- och tiningsprocesserna, där resultaten även kan underlätta fortsatt modellutveckling där några av de samverkansmekanismer som orsakar skadliga synergieffekter beaktas. Multifasmodellering har visats vara lämpligt för att beskriva de kopplade processerna samt för att inkludera samverkan mellan olika nedbrytningsmekanismer. De teoretiska modellerna kan också bidra till ökad insikt och förståelse av dessa fenomen. Därigenom kan de till exempel bidra till utvecklingen av mer förenklade modeller som är anpassade för vanliga ingenjörstillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 159
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2111
Keywords
Degradation, Hydraulic structures, Air-entrained concrete, Multiphase models, Multiphysics, Long-term moisture conditions, Freeze-thaw, Hysteresis, Absorption, Calcium leaching, Finite Element Method
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293486 (URN)978-91-7873-832-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-06-03, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/s/68112220663, Du som saknar dator /datorvana kontakta Anders Ansell ansell@kth.se / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20210507

Available from: 2021-05-07 Created: 2021-04-26 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Eriksson, DanielGasch, TobiasMalm, RichardAnsell, Anders

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