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Multifunctional performance of a carbon fiber UD lamina electrode for structural batteries
KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Farkost och flyg.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-1194-9479
KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), Fiber- och polymerteknologi.ORCID-id: 0000-0003-0618-1730
KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Farkost och flyg.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-9744-4550
KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), Fiber- och polymerteknologi.ORCID-id: 0000-0003-3201-5138
Visa övriga samt affilieringar
2018 (Engelska)Ingår i: Composites Science And Technology, ISSN 0266-3538, E-ISSN 1879-1050, Vol. 168, s. 81-87Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

In electric transportation there is an inherent need to store electrical energy while maintaining a low vehicle weight. One way to decrease the weight of the structure is to use composite materials. However, the electrical energy storage in today's systems contributes to a large portion of the total weight of a vehicle. Structural batteries have been suggested as a possible route to reduce this weight. A structural battery is a material that carries mechanical loads and simultaneously stores electrical energy and can be realized using carbon fibers both as a primary load carrying material and as an active battery electrode. However, as yet, no proof of a system-wide improvement by using such structural batteries has been demonstrated. In this study we make a structural battery composite lamina from carbon fibers with a structural battery electrolyte matrix, and we show that this material provides system weight benefits. The results show that it is possible to make weight reductions in electric vehicles by using structural batteries. 

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Elsevier, 2018. Vol. 168, s. 81-87
Nyckelord [en]
Carbon fibers, Electrodes, Electrolytes, Vehicles, Battery electrode, Electric transportation, Electrical energy, Electrical energy storages, Mechanical loads, Multifunctional performance, Structural batteries, Weight reduction, Secondary batteries
Nationell ämneskategori
Maskinteknik
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236594DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.08.044ISI: 000452342800010Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85053778783OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-236594DiVA, id: diva2:1265772
Anmärkning

QC 20181126

Tillgänglig från: 2018-11-26 Skapad: 2018-11-26 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-06-26Bibliografiskt granskad
Ingår i avhandling
1. Structural Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Structural Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes
2019 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

A major challenge in the electrification of vehicles in the transport industry is that batteries are heavy, which reduces their effectiveness in mobile applications. A solution to this is structural batteries, which are batteries that can carry mechanical load while simultaneously storing energy. This can potentially lead to large weight savings on a systems level, since they may allow replacement of load bearing structures with structural batteries. Carbon fibers are suitable for structural batteries because they have superb mechanical properties and readily intercalate lithium ions, i.e. they can be used as electrodes in a lithium ion battery. However, to utilize carbon fibers in structural batteries, a polymer (matrix) is needed to form a composite battery. The polymer is required to have high modulus and high ion transport properties, which are inversely related, to function as an electrolyte. This thesis focuses on the development and characterization of such polymer electrolytes.

The first study was performed on a homogenous polymer electrolyte based on plasticized polyethylene glycol-methacrylate. The influence of crosslink density, salt concentration and plasticizer concentration on the mechanical and electrochemical properties were investigated. Increases in both ionic conductivity and storage modulus were obtained when, compared to non-plasticized systems. However, at high storage modulus (E’>500 MPa) the ionic conductivity (𝜎<10-7 S cm-1) is far from good enough for the realization of structural batteries.

In a second study, phase separated systems were therefore investigated. Polymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) via UV-curing was utilized to the produce structural battery electrolytes (SBE), consisting of liquid electrolyte and a stiff vinyl ester thermoset. The effect of monomer structure and volume fraction of liquid electrolyte on the morphology, electrochemical and mechanical properties were investigated. High storage modulus (750 MPa) in combination with high ionic conductivity (1.5 x 10-4 S cm-1) were obtained at ambient temperature. A SBE carbon fiber lamina half-cell was prepared via vacuum infusion and electrochemically cycled vs lithium metal. The results showed that both ion transport and load transfer was enabled through the SBE matrix.

In the third study the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the SBE-carbon fiber lamina were investigated and the multifunctional performance was evaluated. A new formulation of SBE, with a small addition of thiol monomer, were prepared with improved electrochemical and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the SBE carbon fiber lamina did not deteriorate after electrochemical cycling. The capacity of the SBE carbon fiber lamina half-cell was 232 ± 26 mAh g-1, at a C/20 charge rate. Furthermore, the lamina displayed multifunctional performance, compared to the monofunctional properties of its constituents.

In the final study, a new curing method was investigated, since UV-curing cannot be used to prepare full-cell carbon fiber composite structural batteries. Thermal curing was investigated to prepare the SBE. The PIPS was not adversely affected by the change in curing method, and the length scale of the phase separation in the SBE was slightly larger compared to UV-cured SBEs. The thermally cured SBEs exhibited improved thermomechanical properties without a reduction in the electrochemical properties. Thermal curing did not affect the electrochemical properties of the SBE carbon fiber lamina, however the type of carbon fiber utilized was found to negatively affect the cycling performance.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019. s. 55
Serie
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2019:17
Nyckelord
Structural batteries, Structural battery electrolyte, Lithium ion batteries, Polymerization induced phase separation, Carbon fibers
Nationell ämneskategori
Polymerkemi
Forskningsämne
Fiber- och polymervetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247270 (URN)978-91-7873-152-7 (ISBN)
Disputation
2019-04-26, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 14:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Forskningsfinansiär
Energimyndigheten, 37712-1
Anmärkning

QC 20190325

Tillgänglig från: 2019-03-26 Skapad: 2019-03-21 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-09-13Bibliografiskt granskad
2. Exploring structural carbon fiber composites for mass-less energy and actuation
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Exploring structural carbon fiber composites for mass-less energy and actuation
2020 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

The energy consumption in transport is today a large contributor to global greenhouse emissions. One way of reducing these emissions is by electrification, which is an ongoing journey for the vehicle industry. The aeronautical industry has started investigations but are limited by the relatively low specific energy of batteries.

One way to improve the specific energy of batteries is by making them multifunctional by combining them with other functions of the vehicle. When the battery is combined with a structural material, the resulting material is referred to as a structural battery. This structural battery ultimately performs the fundamental function of mechanical rigidity and the battery function provides almost mass-less energy. The idea of structural batteries has been around for a while, but its actual construction has not yet been understood.

This thesis is focused on exploring the design and implications of structural batteries made from carbon fiber composites. The first section is focused on the construction of the structural battery. Specifically investigating a structural carbon fiber negative electrode with regards to its manufacturing, electrochemical properties and mechanical properties. The results show that the construction of a negative electrode for structural batteries is achievable. The next section is using the findings from the first section in exploring the implications of implementing a structural battery into vehicles with regards to weight saving and life cycle characteristics. The findings show that the structural batteries have the potential to decrease both weight and life cycle burdens. The last section presents the use of the structural carbon fiber negative electrodes as a morphing material controlled by applied electrical power. The morphing deformations are large and stationary when power is removed but the morphing rate of the material is limited. Additionally, it is solid state, lightweight and has an elastic modulus higher than aluminum with large morphing deformations.

The long-term outcomes of a thesis are hard to predict, but the findings herein conclude that the technology of structural batteries have the potential to disrupt energy storage in transportation, as well as traditional actuation and morphing technologies.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. s. 86
Serie
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2020:15
Nationell ämneskategori
Kompositmaterial och -teknik
Forskningsämne
Flyg- och rymdteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273192 (URN)978-91-7873-552-5 (ISBN)
Disputation
2020-06-03, Live-streaming: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64148260640 If you lack computer or computer skills, contact Dan Zenkert, danz@kth.se, Stockholm, 14:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Anmärkning

QC 20200512

Tillgänglig från: 2020-05-12 Skapad: 2020-05-11 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-06-26Bibliografiskt granskad

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Johannisson, WilhelmIhrner, NiklasZenkert, DanJohansson, Mats

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