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A generalized probabilistic model for cleavage fracture with a length scale - Influence of stress state and application to surface cracked experiments
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8408-8489
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1498-5691
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Solid Mechanics (Dept.).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2470-7679
2019 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A probabilistic model for the cumulative probability of failure by cleavage fracture with a material related length scale is further developed in this study. A new generalized effective stress measure is proposed, based on a normal stress decomposition of the stress tensor, capable of describing a state of normal stress in the range from the mean stress to the maximum principal stress. The effective stress measure associated with a material point is evaluated from the stress tensor averaged over the material related length scale. The model is shown to be well capable to predict both the fracture toughness at loss of both in-plane and out-of-plane constraint by model application to two different datasets from the open literature. The model is also shown to be well capable of predicting the probability of failure of discriminating experiments on specimens containing semi-elliptic surface cracks. A comparison where the master curve methodology is used to predict the probability of failure of the experiments is also included.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2019. , p. 38
Series
TRITA-SCI-RAP ; 2019:001
Keywords [en]
Cleavage fracture, Brittle fracture, Non-local stress, Weakest link, Semi elliptic surface crack;
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Research subject
Solid Mechanics; Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246032OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-246032DiVA, id: diva2:1295371
Funder
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority
Note

QC 20190312

Available from: 2019-03-11 Created: 2019-03-11 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Modeling framework for ageing of low alloy steel
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling framework for ageing of low alloy steel
2019 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Ageing of low alloy steel in nuclear applications commonly takes the form as a hardening and an embrittlement of the material. This is due to the evolution of the microstructure during irradiation and at purely thermal conditions, as a combination or separate. Irradiation introduces evenly distributed solute clusters, while thermal ageing has been shown to yield a more inhomogeneous distribution. These clusters affect the dislocation motion within the material and results in a hardening and in more severe cases of ageing, also a decreased work hardening slope due to plastic strain localization into bands/channels. Embrittlement corresponds to decreased fracture toughness due to microstructural changes resulting from ageing. The thesis presents a possible framework for modeling of ageing effects in low alloy steels.In Paper I, a strain gradient plasticity framework is applied in order to capture length scale effects. The constitutive length scale is assumed to be related to the dislocation mean free path and the changes this undergoes during plastic deformation. Several evolution laws for the length scale were developed and implemented in a FEM-code considering 2D plane strain. This was used to solve a test problem of pure bending in order to investigate the effects of the length scale evolution. As all length scale evolution laws considered in this study results in a decreasing length scale; this leads to a loss of non-locality which causes an overall softening at cases where the strain gradient is dominating the solution. The results are in tentative agreement with phenomena of strain localization that is occurring in highly irradiated materials.In Paper II, the scalar stress measure for cleavage fracture is developed and generalized, here called the effective normal stress measure. This is used in a non-local weakest link model which is applied to two datasets from the literature in order to study the effects of the effective normal stress measure, as well as new experiments considering four-point bending of specimens containing a semi-elliptical surface crack. The model is shown to reproduce the failure probability of all considered datasets, i.e. well capable of transferring toughness information between different geometries.

Abstract [sv]

Åldring av låglegerade stål i kärntekniska användningsområden framträder typiskt som ett hårdnande och en försprödning av materialet. Detta på grund av utvecklingen av mikrostrukturen under bestrålning och under rent termiska förhållanden. Bestrålning introducerar jämt fördelade kluster av legeringsämnen. Termisk åldring har däremot visats ge upphov till en mer ojämn fördelning. Klustren hämmar dislokationsrörelsen i materialet och ger därigenom upphov till en ökning av materialets sträckgräns, vid en mer påtaglig åldring det även leda till ett sänkt arbetshårdnande på grund av lokalisering av plastisk töjning i s.k. kanaler/band. Försprödning är en sänkning av materialets brottseghet som en följd av de mikrostrukturella förändringar som sker vid åldring. Arbetet som presenteras i den här avhandlingen har gjorts i syfte till att ta fram ett möjligt ramverk för modellering av låglegerade stål.I Artikel I, används en töjningsgradientbaserad plasticitetsteori för att kunna fånga längdskalebeteenden. Längdskalan i teorin antas vara relaterad till dislokationernas medelfria väg och den förändring den genomgår vid plastisk deformation. Flera utvecklingslagar för längdskalan har analyserats och implementerats i en finita element kod för 2D plan deformation. Denna implementering har använts för att lösa ett testproblem bestående av ren böjning med syfte att undersöka effekterna av utvecklingen hos längdskalan. Alla de utvecklingslagar som presenteras i artikeln ger en minskande längdskala, vilket leder till vad som valt att kallas förlust av icke-lokalitet. Fenomenet leder till ett övergripande mjuknande vid fall där den plastiska töjningsgradienten har stor inverkan på lösningen. Resultaten är i preliminär överenstämmelse med de typer av lokalisering av plastisk töjning som observerats i starkt bestrålade material.I Artikel II utvecklas ett generaliserat spänningsmått i syfte att beskriva klyvbrott, här benämnt effektivt normalspänningsmått. Detta har använts i samband med en icke-lokal svagaste länk modell, som har applicerats på två experimentella studier från den öppna litteraturen i syfte att studera effekterna av det effektiva normalspänningsmåttet. Utöver detta presenteras även nya experiment på ytspruckna provstavar under fyrpunktsböj. I artikeln visas att modellen återskapar sannolikheten för brott för alla undersökta experimentuppställningar, d.v.s. modellen visas vara väl duglig för att överföra brottseghet mellan geometrier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2019. p. 31
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2019:19
Keywords
Low alloy steel, length scale effects, size effects, plasticity, cleavage fracture, brittle fracture, weakest link, ageing, weld metal
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Research subject
Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246036 (URN)978-91-7873-118-3 (ISBN)
Presentation
2019-04-02, Seminarroom, Dept. of Solid Mechanics, Teknikringen 8D, Stockholm, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority
Note

QC 20190312

Available from: 2019-03-12 Created: 2019-03-11 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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Boåsen, MagnusEfsing, PålFaleskog, Jonas

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