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Transition Technologies for Electrification and Optimisation of Bus Transport Systems
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0437-2093
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The topical issue of climate change has increasingly become important as scenarios indicate an increase of 2.5–7.8°C in the global mean temperature by the end of this century, if no greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. The transport sector depends strongly on fossil fuels and has been therefore considered as one key sector concerning climate change mitigation. In this regard, a key role is played by cities, since progressing urbanisation will presumably lead to a higher demand for urban transport.

This doctoral thesis addresses the transition phase of public bus transport systems by exploring electrification as a vector for decarbonisation. The C40-city of Curitiba in Southern Brazil is used as a case study. The research is of explorative and empirical nature. Quantitative research methods are applied to compare bus technologies as well as new optimisation models and planning tools are developed to support data analytics and research in the areas of simulation, optimisation and (long-term) planning of energy and transport systems at different levels of consideration.

The results from the comparison of different buses show large potentials to save energy and reduce emissions during the operation phase, for example, when using hybrid-electric or plug-in hybrid-electric buses instead of conventional buses. Moreover, energy savings in the operation phase also imply avoidance of fuel production and supply. Additionally, electrified buses can also reduce operational uncertainty caused by varying driving cycles and fluctuating fuel prices concerning an absolute variation of both energy use and fuel cost in the operation phase.

A real-time optimisation model was developed, and its concept tested to estimate potentials for energy savings and all-electric operation from the operational optimisation of a plug-in hybrid-electric bus fleet. Different management strategies were simulated concerning the charging schedule and all-electric operation of the bus fleet. While energy savings can be significantly increased through a structural change towards more electrified buses, a large potential to increase the total all-electric operation of the bus fleet was estimated through operational optimisation. Consequently, both a structural change and operational optimisation should be jointly applied to maximise the benefits gained from electrification in a bus transport system.

The software system OSeMOSYS-PuLP was developed for empirical deterministic-stochastic modelling based on the OSeMOSYS modelling framework, which enables the use of a Monte Carlo simulation. The open source design of the tool shall enhance transparency and trustworthiness in studies. It is transferable to many cases and makes it possible for analysts and researchers to generate new sets of conclusions together with associated probability distributions considering the use of real-world datasets, e.g. from open data initiatives as the one in Curitiba.

In summary, the research findings, applied methods and developed tools can be used to support and inform analysts and decision-makers in the area of transport and energy systems planning in data-driven decision-making processes to develop and assess different technological options and strategies at different levels while considering associated uncertainties.

Abstract [sv]

Den aktuella frågan om klimatförändringar har blivit allt viktigare eftersom scenarier indikerar en ökning med 2,5–7,8°C i den globala medeltemperaturen i slutet av detta århundrade, om inga utsläpp av växthusgaser minskar. Transportsektorn är starkt beroende av fossila bränslen och har därför betraktats som en nyckelsektor när det gäller att minska klimatförändringarna. I detta avseende spelar städer en nyckelroll, eftersom en framtida urbanisering förmodligen kommer att leda till en ökad efterfrågan på stadstrafik.

Denna doktorsavhandling behandlar övergångsfasen för kollektivtrafiksystem genom att utforska elektrifiering som en vektor för koldioxidminskning. C40-staden Curitiba i södra Brasilien används som fallstudie. Forskningen är av utforskande och empirisk karaktär. Kvantitativa forskningsmetoder används för att jämföra bussteknologier samt nya optimeringsmodeller och planeringsverktyg utvecklas för att stödja dataanalys och forskning inom områdena simulering, optimering och (långsiktig) planering av energi- och transportsystem på olika nivåer av övervägande.

Resultaten från jämförelsen av olika bussar visar stora möjligheter att spara energi och minska utsläppen under driftsfasen, till exempel när man använder hybrid-elektriska eller laddhybrid-elektriska bussar istället för konventionella bussar. Dessutom innebär energibesparingar i driftsfasen också undvikande av bränsleproduktion och -försörjning. Dessutom kan elektrifierade bussar också minska driftosäkerheten orsakad av varierande körcykler och fluktuerande bränslepriser beträffande en variation av både energianvändning och bränslekostnader i driftsfasen.

En realtidsoptimeringsmodell utvecklades och dess koncept testades för att uppskatta potentialen för energibesparingar och helelektrisk drift från driftsoptimering av en laddhybrid-elektrisk bussflotta. Olika förvaltningsstrategier simulerades beträffande laddningsschemat och elektrisk drift av bussflottan. Medan energibesparingar kan ökas betydligt genom en strukturell förändring mot mer elektrifierade bussar, uppskattades en stor potential för att öka den totala elektriska driften av bussflottan genom driftsoptimering. Följaktligen bör både en strukturell förändring och driftsoptimering tillämpas gemensamt för att maximera fördelarna från elektrifiering i ett busstransportsystem.

Programvarusystemet OSeMOSYS-PuLP utvecklades för empirisk deterministisk-stokastisk modellering baserat på OSeMOSYS-modelleringsramverket, vilket möjliggör användning av en Monte Carlo simulering. Den öppna källkods-designen av verktyget ska öka insynen och pålitligheten i studier. Det kan överföras till många fall och gör det möjligt för analytiker och forskare att generera nya slutsatser tillsammans med tillhörande sannolikhetsfördelningar med tanke på användningen av verklig data, t.ex. från öppna datainitiativ som i Curitiba.

Sammanfattningsvis kan forskningsresultaten, tillämpade metoder och utvecklade verktyg användas för att stödja och informera analytiker och beslutsfattare inom området transport och energisystemplanering i datadrivna beslutsprocesser för att utveckla och utvärdera olika tekniska alternativ och strategier på olika nivåer med hänsyn till tillhörande osäkerheter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. , p. 112
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2020:14
Keywords [en]
Bus transport system, C40, Decarbonization, Electrification, GHG, Optimization, OSeMOSYS-PuLP, Plug-in hybrid-electric, Systems analysis, Transformation
Keywords [sv]
Busstransportsysstem, C40, Elektrifiering, Koldioxidminskning, Laddhybrid, Optimering, OSeMOSYS-PuLP, Systemanalys, Transformation, Växthusgaser
National Category
Engineering and Technology Energy Systems Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271085ISBN: 978-91-7873-487-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-271085DiVA, id: diva2:1423303
Public defence
2020-05-05, Vid fysisk närvaro eller Du som saknar dator/ datorvana kan kontakta service@itm.kth.se (English), Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
VinnovaAvailable from: 2020-04-14 Created: 2020-04-14 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Well-to-Wheel analysis of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for conventional, hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric city buses in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Well-to-Wheel analysis of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for conventional, hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric city buses in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil
Show others...
2018 (English)In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, ISSN 1361-9209, E-ISSN 1879-2340, Vol. 58, p. 122-138Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study estimates Well-to-Wheel (WTW) fossil energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for six types of city buses with conventional, hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric powertrains, including two-axle, articulated and bi-articulated chassis in the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) system in Curitiba, Brazil. Particular emphasis is put on the operation phase (Tank-to-Wheel, TTW) of the city buses using the Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR). The simulations are based on real-world driving patterns collected from Curitiba, comprising 42 driving cycles that represent city bus operation on seven BRT routes with six operation times for each. Hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric two-axle city buses use 30% and 75% less WTW fossil energy per distance compared to a conventional two-axle city bus (19.46 MJfossil,WTW/km). This gives an absolute reduction of 1115 gCO2e,WTW/km in WTW GHG emissions when operating a plug-in hybrid-electric city bus instead of a conventional two-axle city bus (1539 gCO2e,WTW/km). However, a conventional bi-articulated city bus can be environment-friendlier than hybrid-electric city buses in terms of WTW fossil energy use and WTW GHG emissions per passenger-distance, if its passenger capacity is sufficiently utilised. Nonetheless, the plug-in hybrid-electric city bus remains the most energy-efficient and less polluting option. Hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric powertrains offer the possibility to achieve much higher levels of decarbonisation in the BRT system in Curitiba than the blending mandate of 7%vol biodiesel into diesel implemented in Brazil in 2016. In addition, the simulations show that TTW energy use can considerably vary by up to 77% between different operation times, BRT routes and types of city buses. In conclusion, advanced powertrains and large passenger capacity utilisation can promote sustainability in Curitiba's BRT system. The results of this analysis provide important insights for decision makers both in Curitiba and other cities with similar conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2018
Keywords
Advanced powertrain, Bi-articulated bus, Bus rapid transit, Simulation, Tank-to-Wheel, Well-to-Wheel
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219634 (URN)10.1016/j.trd.2017.10.015 (DOI)000425198400010 ()2-s2.0-85035352688 (Scopus ID)
Funder
VINNOVA
Note

QC 20171211

Available from: 2017-12-11 Created: 2017-12-11 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
2. The influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and different types of buses on the cost of transport service in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and different types of buses on the cost of transport service in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil
Show others...
2019 (English)In: Transportation, ISSN 0049-4488, E-ISSN 1572-9435, Vol. 46, no 6, p. 2195-2242Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study analyses the influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and four different types of buses on the cost of transport service for one bus rapid transit (BRT) route in Curitiba, Brazil. First, the energy use is estimated for different passenger loads and driving cycles for a conventional bi-articulated bus (ConvBi), a hybrid-electric two-axle bus (HybTw), a hybrid-electric articulated bus (HybAr) and a plug-in hybrid-electric two-axle bus (PlugTw). Then, the fuel cost and uncertainty are estimated considering the fuel price trends in the past. Based on this and additional cost data, replacement scenarios for the currently operated ConvBi fleet are determined using a techno-economic optimisation model. The lowest fuel cost ranges for the passenger load are estimated for PlugTw amounting to (0.198–0.289) USD/km, followed by (0.255–0.315) USD/km for HybTw, (0.298–0.375) USD/km for HybAr and (0.552–0.809) USD/km for ConvBi. In contrast, the coefficient of variation (Cv'>C v  Cv) of the combined standard uncertainty is the highest for PlugTw (Cv'>C v  Cv: 15–17%) due to stronger sensitivity to varying bus driver behaviour, whereas it is the least for ConvBi (Cv'>C v  Cv: 8%). The scenario analysis shows that a complete replacement of the ConvBi fleet leads to considerable higher cost of transport service on the BRT route, amounting to an increase by 64% to 139%, depending on the bus fleet composition. Meanwhile, the service quality is improved resulting in 42% up to 64% less waiting time for passengers at a bus stop.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2019
Keywords
Bi-articulated, Driving pattern, Fuel consumption, Optimization, Ridership, Service quality
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246190 (URN)10.1007/s11116-018-9925-0 (DOI)000496754800013 ()2-s2.0-85053835267 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova
Note

QC 20190318

Available from: 2019-03-15 Created: 2019-03-15 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
3. Comparison of management strategies for the charging schedule and all-electric operation of a plug-in hybrid-electric bi-articulated bus fleet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparison of management strategies for the charging schedule and all-electric operation of a plug-in hybrid-electric bi-articulated bus fleet
2020 (English)In: Public Transport, ISSN 1866-749X, E-ISSN 1613-7159, Vol. 12, no 2, p. 363-404Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study developed a real-time optimisation (RTO) model that uses real-world bus operation data, i.e. route-specific and time-specific driving cycles. Potentials for energy savings and all-electric operation were estimated for a plug-in hybrid-electric bi-articulated bus fleet (PLUG scenario) that can be managed according to different management strategies. Five strategies A–E were simulated that manage the charging schedule and all-electric operation with different priorities: PLUG-A, prioritise buses for charging by arrival times at the charging station (“first come, first served”); PLUG-B, prioritise buses for charging by energy intensities of the bus routes; PLUG-C, minimise the total energy use of the bus fleet; PLUG-D, maximise the total all-electric time of the bus fleet; and PLUG-E, maximise the total all-electric distance of the bus fleet. For comparison, a business as usual (BAU) scenario with conventional buses and another scenario with hybrid-electric buses (HYB) were simulated. Two weeks of real-world bus operation data from the city of Curitiba in Brazil were used as input data. The study finds that total energy savings of 17% and 27% in the HYB and PLUG scenarios can be achieved compared to the BAU scenario, respectively. Meanwhile, the average shares of the total all-electric time (TAET) and total all-electric distance (TAED) to the total bus fleet operation amount to 20% and 14% in the HYB scenario. Furthermore, both TAET and TAED in the PLUG scenario depend strongly on the chosen strategy amounting to ranges of 21–64% and 17–61%, respectively. Simultaneous maxima were found for strategy D.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2020
Keywords
Bus, Driving cycle, Energy, Operations research, Optimization, Simulation
National Category
Energy Systems Transport Systems and Logistics Energy Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology; Transport Science, Transport Systems; Applied and Computational Mathematics, Optimization and Systems Theory
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271972 (URN)10.1007/s12469-020-00227-z (DOI)000535776000001 ()2-s2.0-85085361562 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova
Note

QC 20200414

Available from: 2020-04-14 Created: 2020-04-14 Last updated: 2024-02-13Bibliographically approved
4. OSeMOSYS-PuLP: A Stochastic Modeling Framework for Long-Term Energy Systems Modeling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>OSeMOSYS-PuLP: A Stochastic Modeling Framework for Long-Term Energy Systems Modeling
2019 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 12, no 7, article id 1382Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Recent open-data movements give access to large datasets derived from real-world observations. This data can be utilized to enhance energy systems modeling in terms of heterogeneity, confidence, and transparency. Furthermore, it allows to shift away from the common practice of considering average values towards probability distributions. In turn, heterogeneity and randomness of the real-world can be captured that are usually found in large samples of real-world data. This paper presents a methodological framework for an empirical deterministic-stochastic modeling approach to utilize large real-world datasets in long-term energy systems modeling. A new software systemOSeMOSYS-PuLPwas developed and is available now.It adds the feature of Monte Carlo simulations to the existing open-source energy modeling system (the OSeMOSYS modeling framework). An application example is given, in which the initial application example of OSeMOSYS is used and modified to include real-world operation data from a public bus transport system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2019
Keywords
driving cycle, energy modeling, OSeMOSYS, Python, real-world, transport
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252647 (URN)10.3390/en12071382 (DOI)000465561400199 ()2-s2.0-85065497585 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190610

Available from: 2019-06-10 Created: 2019-06-10 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved

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Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
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  • Other style
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  • de-DE
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  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
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  • Other locale
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  • asciidoc
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