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Myopia control and peripheral vision
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0875-3325
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The rapid rise in myopia prevalence has caused an urgent need for effectivemyopia control interventions. This thesis investigates the role of theperipheral optics of the human eye in myopia progression. It was initiallybelieved that the axial elongation of the myopic eye is caused only by thedefocus signals presented to the central retina. However, studies on animals have proven that ocular growth can be regulated by optical factors beyondthe fovea. A common hypothesis nowadays is that peripheral image quality is an important factor for eye growth regulation also in humans. The detection of the sign of defocus by the retina is essential for the control of both accommodation and eye growth. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to map out visual cues to myopia development by evaluating peripheral vision. Additionally, effective optical properties of multifocal contact lensesfor myopia control have been investigated.

Peripheral vision was evaluated by adaptive psychophysical routines inorder to find properties in the peripheral image quality that might be used by the eye to detect the sign of defocus. We have shown that peripheral high-contrast detection acuity and contrast sensitivity can be improved by correction of higher-order aberrations and eliminating chromatic aberrations.The measurements proved that asymmetries in peripheral vision under myopic and hypermetropic defocus are mainly due to the monochromatic and not the chromatic aberrations of the eye. Moreover, we found that relative peripheral refraction did not change with increasing accommodationfor emmetropes, whereas for myopes a myopic shift was observed.However, in spite of these differences, the two groups showed similar peripheral modulation transfer functions. When subjects were accommodating to an off-axis target, the accommodation amplitude declined and the accommodation response time increased with eccentricity. Finally, we evaluated optical quality and vision with the MiSight multifocal contact lens for myopia control. We believe that the effective optical properties of this lens are the larger peripheral blur and the more asymmetric point spread function,due to the additional astigmatism and coma, and that this leads to the larger accommodative response shown by some of the subjects.

Abstract [sv]

Den snabbt ökande förekomsten av myopi (närsynthet) har skapat ett akutbehov av effektiva behandlingar. Denna avhandling undersöker vilken rollögats perifera optik har för myopiprogression. Tidigare trodde man att detvar felfokuseringen i bilden på den centrala delen av näthinnan som leddetill den ökade axiala längden i det myopa ögat. Studier på djur har dockvisat att ögats tillväxt kan styras av optiska signaler utanför fovea (mittenav gula fläcken). En vanlig hypotes idag är att den perifera bildkvaliténär en viktig faktor för tillväxtreglering även i mänskliga ögon. Näthinnansförmåga att avgöra vilket tecken felfokuseringen har är fundamental för attkunna kontrollera både ögats tillväxt och dess ackommodation. Målsättningen med denna avhandling är därför att kartlägga de visuella ledtrådarnaför myopiutveckling genom att utvärdera vår perifera syn. Dessutom har deeffektiva egenskaperna hos myopikontrollerande multifokala kontaktlinserundersökts.Perifer syn utvärderades med adaptiva psykofysiska rutiner för att hittaegenskaper i den perifera bildkvalitén som ögat skulle kunna använda föratt avgöra tecknet på felfokuseringen. Vi har visat att perifer högkontrastdetektion och kontrastkänslighet kan förbättras genom att korrigera högre ordningarnas aberrationer och eliminera kromatiska aberrationer. Mätningarna bevisar att asymmetrier i perifer syn mellan negativ och positivdefokus främst beror på ögats monokoromatiska aberrationer och inte påde kromatiska. Dessutom har vi sett att den relativa perifera refraktioneninte förändras för rättsynta, men att den blir mer negativ med ackommodationen för närsynta. Trots denna skillnad uppvisar dock de två gruppernalikartad perifer modulationsöverföringsfunktion. Vid ackommodation tillobjekt utanför optiska axeln minskade ackommodationsamplituden samtidigt som responstiden ökade med ökad excentrisitet. Slutligen utvärderade vi synen med multifokala kontaktlinser, MiSight som utformats för attbromsa närsynthet, och vi tror att de effektiva egenskaperna hos denna linsär att den ger: större perifer suddighet, mer asymmetrisk punktspridningsfunktion på grund av extra astigmatism och koma, samt stimulerar till ökadackommodativ respons hos vissa av försökspersonerna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 64
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2020:49
Keywords [en]
myopia, peripheral vision, psychophysics
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288722ISBN: 978-91-7873-745-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-288722DiVA, id: diva2:1516201
Public defence
2021-02-05, Via Zoom https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67730175907, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-01-20 Created: 2021-01-11 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Peripheral resolution and contrast sensitivity: effects of monochromatic and chromatic aberrations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Peripheral resolution and contrast sensitivity: effects of monochromatic and chromatic aberrations
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2019 (English)In: Optical Society of America. Journal A: Optics, Image Science, and Vision, ISSN 1084-7529, E-ISSN 1520-8532, Vol. 36, no 4, p. B52-B57Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Correction and manipulation of peripheral refractive errors are indispensable for people with central vision loss and in optical interventions for myopia control. This study investigates further enhancements of peripheral vision by compensating for monochromatic higher-order aberrations (with an adaptive optics system) and chromatic aberrations (with a narrowband green filter, 550 nm) in the 20 degrees nasal visual field. Both high-contrast detection cutoff and contrast sensitivity improved with optical correction. This improvement was most evident for gratings oriented perpendicular to the meridian due to asymmetric optical errors. When the natural monochromatic higher-order aberrations are large, resolution of 10% contrast oblique gratings can also be improved with correction of these errors. Though peripheral vision is mainly limited by refractive errors and neural factors, higher-order aberration correction beyond conventional refractive errors can still improve peripheral vision under certain circumstances.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optical Society of America, 2019
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-249861 (URN)10.1364/JOSAA.36.000B52 (DOI)000462844800008 ()31044955 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85064114490 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190424

Available from: 2019-04-24 Created: 2019-04-24 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Lower sensitivity to peripheral hypermetropic defocus due to higher order ocular aberrations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lower sensitivity to peripheral hypermetropic defocus due to higher order ocular aberrations
2020 (English)In: Ophthalmic & physiological optics, ISSN 0275-5408, E-ISSN 1475-1313, Vol. 40, no 3, p. 300-307Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Many myopia control interventions are designed to induce myopic relative peripheral refraction. However, myopes tend to show asymmetries in their sensitivity to defocus, seeing better with hypermetropic rather than myopic defocus. This study aims to determine the influence of chromatic aberrations (CA) and higher-order monochromatic aberrations (HOA) in the peripheral asymmetry to defocus. Methods: Peripheral (20° nasal visual field) low-contrast (10%) resolution acuity of nine subjects (four myopes, four emmetropes, one hypermetrope) was evaluated under induced myopic and hypermetropic defocus between ±5 D, under four conditions: (a) Peripheral Best Sphere and Cylinder (BSC) correction in white light; (b) Peripheral BSC correction + CA elimination (green light); (c) Peripheral BSC correction + HOA correction in white light; and (d) Peripheral BSC correction + CA elimination + HOA correction. No cycloplegia was used, and all measurements were repeated three times. Results: The slopes of the peripheral acuity as a function of positive and negative defocus differed, especially when the natural HOA and CA were present. This asymmetry was quantified as the average of the absolute sum of positive and negative defocus slopes for all subjects (AVS). The AVS was 0.081 and 0.063 logMAR/D for white and green light respectively, when the ocular HOA were present. With adaptive optics correction for HOA, the asymmetry reduced to 0.021 logMAR/D for white and 0.031 logMAR/D for green light, mainly because the sensitivity to hypermetropic defocus increased when HOA were corrected. Conclusion: The asymmetry was only slightly affected by the elimination of the CA of the eye, whereas adaptive optics correction for HOA reduced the asymmetry. The HOA mainly affected the sensitivity to hypermetropic defocus.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2020
Keywords
asymmetry, defocus, myopia, peripheral vision
National Category
Ophthalmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277171 (URN)10.1111/opo.12673 (DOI)000511513200001 ()32031730 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85079150020 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200716

Available from: 2020-07-16 Created: 2020-07-16 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
3. Foveal and peripheral visual quality and accommodation with multifocal contact lenses
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Foveal and peripheral visual quality and accommodation with multifocal contact lenses
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Ophthalmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287321 (URN)
Note

QC 20201216

Available from: 2020-12-07 Created: 2020-12-07 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Foveal-peripheral real-time aberrations with accommodation in myopes and emmetropes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Foveal-peripheral real-time aberrations with accommodation in myopes and emmetropes
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Ophthalmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287318 (URN)
Note

QC 20201216

Available from: 2020-12-07 Created: 2020-12-07 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
5. Parafoveal accommodation response to defocus changes induced by a tuneable lens
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Parafoveal accommodation response to defocus changes induced by a tuneable lens
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(English)In: Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Submitted
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288712 (URN)
Note

QCR 20210205

Available from: 2021-01-11 Created: 2021-01-11 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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