kth.sePublications
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Oxidation, Creep and Fatigue Synergies in Cast Materials for Exhaust Manifolds
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3281-6835
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The future development of engines of heavy-duty vehicles towards reduced CO2 emission will increase the exhaust gas temperature and render the exhaust atmosphere more corrosive. The current service material of exhaust gas components - a ferritic ductile cast iron called SiMo51 - will soon meet its upper-temperature limit. Three alternative materials were suggested in a previous study: SiMo1000 (ferritic, nodular cast iron), D5S (austenitic, nodular cast iron), and HK30 (austenitic, cast steel). Together with SiMo51 (reference) the alternative materials are investigated in the present thesis with respect to performance and degradation mechanisms, under the individual or collective influence of high-temperature fatigue, corrosion, and creep.

Firstly, fatigue, corrosion and corrosion-fatigue at 800oC were studied to establish their degradation mechanisms and relative performance. The individual influence of fatigue and corrosion was studied using low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests in argon, and oxidation tests in a synthetic exhaust gas (5%O2-10%CO2-5%H2O-1ppmSO2-N2(bal.)), respectively. The collective influence of fatigue and corrosion was studied using LCF test in the synthetic exhaust gas. The degradation mechanisms were analyzed through extensive characterization of the tested specimens. Different crack-initiation mechanisms were found for the various combinations of materials and atmospheres. In argon, crack initiation was generally caused by secondary phases at the surface (graphite in SiMo51/SiMo1000, graphite and intermetallics in D5S) and near-surface casting defects (in all materials). In the exhaust atmosphere, crack initiation was generally influenced by oxide intrusions (formed from oxidized graphite in SiMo51 and expressed as dendrite boundary corrosion in HK30), internal fracture of intermetallics (in D5S), decarburization creating microcracks/stress concentrations (in SiMo1000), and near-surface casting defects (in all materials). The relative performance was analyzed using fatigue and oxidation curves.

Secondly, two improvements were attempted for SiMo1000, a modified casting geometry for improved graphite morphology and a surface treatment method, nitrocarburizing. The first attempt resulted in significantly reduced decarburization, decreased initial crack size formed by graphite/matrix debonding and an improved corrosion-fatigue life of 8 to 16 times. The second attempt resulted in two types of microcracks after the process and a self-sustained growth of the diffusion layer, when subjected to high-temperature corrosion. A strong corrosion-fatigue synergy was found, reducing the fatigue lifetime by 84-89%.

Thirdly, the collective influence of fatigue and creep was studied for D5S using regular LCF tests (reference) and creep-fatigue tests, with either tension or compression dwell. Both dwell directions reduce fatigue life but promote different creep-fatigue-corrosion interactions. Tension dwell produces a clear creep-fatigue synergy, generating creep pinholes near graphite nodules. Typically, such damage is observed in regular creep tests of several months. Compression dwell decreases lifetime more than tension dwell due to increased peak tensile stress and a more pronounced surface crack initiation by an oxide wedging mechanism.

The investigation in the present study gives a better understanding of the correlation between microstructure and corrosion-fatigue/creep-fatigue properties in materials used for exhaust gas components. Moreover, the combination of fatigue tests in argon/exhaust atmosphere, oxidation tests in the exhaust atmosphere, creep-fatigue tests, and creep tests from a previous study shows how corrosion, fatigue, and creep individually and synergistically affect the material performance at elevated temperature.

Abstract [sv]

Den framtida utvecklingen av motorer för tunga fordon, pådriven av minskade CO2 utsläpp, kommer att medföra högre avgastemperaturer och en korrosivare atmosfär. Nuvarande material för grenrörskomponenter, ett ferritiskt duktilt gjutjärn kallat SiMo51, - kommer snart att nå sin övre användningstemperatur. Tre alternativa material föreslogs i ett tidigare arbete: SiMo1000 (ferritiskt nodulärt gjutjärn), D5S (austenitiskt noduärt gjutjärn) och HK30 (austenitiskt gjutstål). Tillsammans med SiMo51 (referens) undersöks de alternativa materialen i denna avhandling med avseende på prestanda och nedbrytningsmekanismer, under individuell eller kollektiv inverkan från, högtemperaturutmattning, korrosion och krypning.

Först studerades utmattning, korrosion och korrosionsutmattning vid 800oC för att etablera nedbrytningsmekanismer och relativ prestanda. De individuella påverkningarna från utmattning och korrosion studerades med lågcykelutmattning (LCF) i argon, och oxidationstester i en syntetisk avgas (5%O2-10%CO2-5%H2O-1ppmSO2-N2(bal.)). Den samlade inverkan från utmattning och korrosion studerades med LCF-test i den syntetiska avgasen. Nedbrytningsmekanismerna studerades noga genom utförlig karaktärisering av testade prov. Olika sprickinitieringsmekanismer hittades för olika kombinationer av material och atmosfärer. I argon orsakades sprickinitieringen generellt av ytliga sekundärfaser (grafit i SiMo51/SiMo1000, grafit och intermetaller i D5S) och ytliga gjutdefekter (i alla material). I avgas påverkades sprickinitieringen generellt av oxidinväxt (genom oxidering av grafit i SiMo51 och genom korrosion i dendritgränserna i HK30), internt brott i intermetaller (D5S), avkolning resulterande i mikrosprickor/spänningskoncentrationer (SiMo1000), och ytliga gjutdefekter (alla material). Den relativa prestandan analyserades med utmattnings- och oxidationskurvor.

Därefter gjordes två försök att förbättra SiMo1000 genom modifiering av gjutgeometrin för att erhålla förbättrad grafitmorfologi, och genom en ytbehandlingsmetod s.k. nitrokarburering. Det första försöket resulterade i signifikant minskad avkolning, minskade initiala sprickor, bildade genom dekohesion av grafit/matris, och en förbättrad utmattningslivslängd på 8 till 16 gånger. Det andra försöket resulterade i två typer av mikrosprickor redan efter processen och en självgående tillväxt av diffusionszonen när den utsattes för högtemperaturoxidation. En stark synergieffekt observerades, vilket reducerade utmattningslivslängden med 84-89%.

Slutligen studerades den kollektiva inverkan av utmattning och krypning på D5S genom vanlig LCF testning (referens) och kryputmattning, med hålltider i antingen drag eller tryck. Hålltid i båda riktningarna reducerar utmattningslivslängden men gynnar olika kryp-utmattnings-korrosionsinteraktioner. En hålltid i drag ger en klar synergi mellan krypning och utmattning med utbildning av krypkaviteter nära grafitnodulerna. Sådana skador observeras vanligen i normala krypprov först efter flera månader. En hålltid i tryck reducerar livslängden mer än en hålltid i drag genom en ökad maximal dragspänning och en ökad initiering av ytsprickor genom en mekanism som bildar oxidkilar.

Undersökningarna i föreliggande avhandling ger en bättre förståelse av korrelationen mellan mikrostruktur och korrosionsutmattning/kryputmattning i material som används för grenrörskomponenter. Vidare visar kombinationen av utmattningstest i argon/avgas, oxidationstester i avgas, kryputmattningstester och kryptester från en tidigare studie, hur korrosion, utmattning och krypning, individuellt och i samverkan, påverkar materialens prestanda vid förhöjd temperatur.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 72
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021:6
Keywords [en]
Fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, fatigue in an inert atmosphere, fatigue in a synthetic diesel exhaust atmosphere, corrosion-fatigue, creep-fatigue, high-temperature corrosion, high-temperature fatigue, synergistic effect, corrosion-fatigue synergy, creep-fatigue synergy, high-temperature alloys, fatigue damage, creep-fatigue damage, corrosion-fatigue damage, ductile cast iron, high-alloyed austenitic cast steel, thermal cycling, precipitation, aging.
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291128ISBN: 978-91-7873-793-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-291128DiVA, id: diva2:1532804
Public defence
2021-03-31, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_nM1JuZ4oQ4KifNIsRM4JDg, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Inverkan av korrosion och krypning på utmattning av värmebeständiga material till avgaskomponenter
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-04019Available from: 2021-03-04 Created: 2021-03-02 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. High-Temperature Corrosion-Fatigue Behavior of Ductile Cast Irons for Exhaust Manifolds Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High-Temperature Corrosion-Fatigue Behavior of Ductile Cast Irons for Exhaust Manifolds Applications
2018 (English)In: Materials Science Forum, ISSN 0255-5476, E-ISSN 1662-9752, Vol. 925, p. 369-376Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the present study, low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests and oxidation tests in controlled atmospheres are carried out at 800ºC on two ductile cast irons SiMo51 and SiMo1000. The LCF tests are conducted in argon and synthetic exhaust gas, whereas oxidation tests are carried out in the latter atmosphere. S-N curves and weight-gain curves are presented. The crack growth mechanisms and oxidation mechanisms are investigated, as well as the synergistic effects. A surprising finding of increased fatigue resistance in the oxidizing atmosphere is partly explained.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Inc., 2018
Keywords
corrosion fatigue, ductile cast iron, high-temperature oxidation, controlled atmosphere
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235168 (URN)10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.925.369 (DOI)2-s2.0-85050033154 (Scopus ID)
Conference
11th International Symposium on the Science and Processing of Cast Iron, Jönköping, September 4-7, 2017
Note

QC 20180917

Available from: 2018-09-17 Created: 2018-09-17 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
2. Corrosion fatigue of austenitic cast iron Ni-Resist D5S and austenitic cast steel HK30 in argon and synthetic diesel exhaust at 800 degrees C
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Corrosion fatigue of austenitic cast iron Ni-Resist D5S and austenitic cast steel HK30 in argon and synthetic diesel exhaust at 800 degrees C
2020 (English)In: International Journal of Fatigue, ISSN 0142-1123, E-ISSN 1879-3452, Vol. 132, article id 105396Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To increase the understanding of the corrosion-fatigue mechanisms in two cast iron-alloys used in exhaust manifolds, low-cycle fatigue tests at 800 degrees C in argon and synthetic diesel exhaust as well as isothermal oxidation tests in the exhaust atmosphere are conducted. The corrosion impacts on the fatigue life of the materials are quantitatively evaluated from comparing the G-N curves, and examined from characterization through SEM, EDX, EBSD and EPMA. The materials show very different behaviors to the synergistic effect of corrosion and fatigue. Different theories have been suggested based on the findings.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2020
Keywords
Corrosion fatigue, Low-cycle fatigue, Controlled atmosphere, High temperature, Cast iron-alloys
National Category
Surface- and Corrosion Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-267736 (URN)10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105396 (DOI)000509617500002 ()2-s2.0-85087520163 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200219

Available from: 2020-02-19 Created: 2020-02-19 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
3. Influence of graphite morphology on the corrosion-fatigue properties of the ferritic Si-Mo-Al cast iron SiMo1000
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of graphite morphology on the corrosion-fatigue properties of the ferritic Si-Mo-Al cast iron SiMo1000
Show others...
2020 (English)In: International Journal of Fatigue, ISSN 0142-1123, E-ISSN 1879-3452, Vol. 140, article id 105781Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The influence of graphite morphology on the corrosion-fatigue mechanism in the cast compacted graphite iron SiMo1000 is investigated. Two batches of SiMo1000 with the same chemical composition but different nodularity are tested using low-cycle-fatigue tests in argon and a synthetic exhaust atmosphere at 800 degrees C. Decreased graphite nodularity is found to significantly reduce the corrosion resistance of SiMo1000, causing severe decarburization on the sample surface. Besides, the fatigue life is also dramatically reduced with decreased graphite nodularity. The synergy of decarburization and fatigue is found to reduce fatigue life in one of the batches.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2020
Keywords
Corrosion fatigue, Cast iron, High temperature, Controlled atmosphere, Graphite morphology
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281125 (URN)10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105781 (DOI)000562731200004 ()2-s2.0-85087486797 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200916

Available from: 2020-09-16 Created: 2020-09-16 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Influence of ferritic nitrocarburizing on the high-temperature corrosion-fatigue properties of the Si-Mo-Al cast iron SiMo1000
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of ferritic nitrocarburizing on the high-temperature corrosion-fatigue properties of the Si-Mo-Al cast iron SiMo1000
Show others...
2021 (English)In: International Journal of Fatigue, ISSN 0142-1123, E-ISSN 1879-3452, Vol. 143, article id 105984Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The influence of ferritic nitrocarburizing on the high-temperature corrosion-fatigue properties of the Si-Mo-Al cast iron SiMo1000 is investigated in the present study. It was found that nitrocarburizing effectively increases the surface hardness, but dramatically decreases the fatigue and oxidation resistance of SiMo1000. The fatigue resistance is reduced due to two types of microcracks formed after nitrocarburizing. The oxidation resistance is dramatically diminished due to the formation of microcracks, and the depletion of aluminum in the matrix from nitride precipitation during the exposure at 800 degrees C. The corrosion-fatigue synergy is found to cause severe decarburization (i.e. graphite depletion) in nitrocarburized SiMo1000.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
Corrosion fatigue, Cast iron, High temperature, Controlled atmosphere, Ferritic nitrocarburizing
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288613 (URN)10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105984 (DOI)000597146600003 ()2-s2.0-85092401132 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210112

Available from: 2021-01-12 Created: 2021-01-12 Last updated: 2022-09-13Bibliographically approved
5. Influence of tension and compression dwell on the creep-fatigue properties of the austenitic cast iron Ni-resist D5S
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of tension and compression dwell on the creep-fatigue properties of the austenitic cast iron Ni-resist D5S
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Low-cycle fatigue tests and creep-fatigue tests with either tension or compression dwell were conducted on the austenitic cast iron Ni-resist D5S in atmospheric air at 800oC to investigate the influence of dwell time on lifetime and the corresponding failure mechanisms. The addition of tension or compression dwell reduces the lifetime, by up to 50% and 80% in the tested range, respectively. Distinct creep-oxidation-fatigue interactions are observed from the microstructural characterization of the creep-fatigue tested specimens. The intermetallics in the untested sample contain G phase, Ni31Si12, α-Fe, and M7C3. χ phase was found after LCF tests.

Keywords
Creep fatigue, Tension dwell, Compression dwell, High-temperature oxidation, Intermetallics
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291122 (URN)
Projects
Inverkan av korrosion och krypning på utmattning av värmebeständiga material till avgaskomponenter
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-04019
Note

QC 20210304

Available from: 2021-03-02 Created: 2021-03-02 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(15469 kB)806 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 15469 kBChecksum SHA-512
5156f2d71773fdf730d116912dc22e4d3ec31b6fabacdd06dcaafcf53dcd4651bd14de74894a645b79c473bc43be278cae58b0ec09e6ead36fedb6a48a088db1
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

http://Vid fysisk närvaro eller Du som saknar dator/ datorvana kan kontakta service@itm.kth.se (English)

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Xiang, Shengmei
By organisation
Structures
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 806 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 713 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf