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Multiphase models for freeze-thaw actions and mass transport in concrete hydraulic structures
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4015-3373
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A crucial task for civil engineers is to make appropriate designs of new concrete structures and assessments of existing structures to ensure a long service life and sustainable use of the infrastructure. This doctoral thesis aims to increase the understanding of how advanced mathematical models can be used to describe phenomena and processes governing concrete degradation and thereby ultimately contribute to improving tools for design and assessments. The focus is on degradation processes that cause commonly observed concrete damage types in hydraulic structures exposed to cold climates and soft water. During a structure's service life, it is subjected to various deteriorating actions, but for the typical exposure conditions considered in this work, degradation due to freeze-thaw exposure and calcium leaching is of particular concern for the durability. Hence, the work related to improved modelling has been focused on phenomena related to these two degradation processes of concrete and how they may interact to produce damaging synergy effects.

All developed models in this doctoral project treat concrete as a multiphase porous medium and use poromechanics to describe the coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour of the material. Moreover, since the overall aim concerns degradation in hydraulic structures, the model development has focused on obtaining formulations applicable for structural-scale simulations. The models presented in this thesis describe long-term water absorption into air-entrained concrete and the response of partially saturated air-entrained concrete exposed to freeze-thaw conditions. In the latter models, the phase changes and the freeze-thaw hysteresis are explicitly considered in the formulations. The presented simulation examples are performed using the Finite Element Method (FEM), and the capabilities of the models are verified with experimental data from the literature. Additionally, accelerated leaching experiments on air-entrained concrete are presented, where the influence of leaching on the formation and melting of ice inside the pore space due to pore structure alternations are investigated.

The main research contribution of this work is the development and evaluation of advanced models applicable for structural-scale simulations that describe essential processes and phenomena related to freeze-thaw exposure of air-entrained concrete. The experimental work shows the significant influence of calcium leaching on the freeze-thaw processes, and the results can also facilitate future development of models considering some of the interactions causing damaging synergy effects. Adopting a multiphase modelling approach has been found suitable for describing the coupled processes and including interactions between different deterioration mechanisms. The theoretical models can also help gain further insights and improve the understanding of the phenomena, and thus, e.g. aid in developing more simplified models suited for daily engineering applications.

Abstract [sv]

En viktig uppgift för anläggningsingenjörer är att utforma nya ändamålsenliga betongkonstruktioner och göra korrekta tillståndsbedömningar av befintliga konstruktioner för att säkerställa en lång livslängd och därmed hållbart nyttjande av vår infrastruktur. Syftet med denna doktorsavhandling är att förbättra kunskapsläget kring hur avancerade matematiska modeller kan användas för att beskriva de fenomen och processer som styr betongens nedbrytning och därigenom bidra till förbättrade verktyg som kan användas vid dimensionering och tillståndsbedömningar. Arbetet fokuserar på de nedbrytningsprocesser som leder till vanligt förekommande skador i vattenbyggandskonstruktioner som är exponerade för kalla klimat och mjukt vatten. Under en konstruktions livslängd utsätts den för ett flertal olika nedbrytningsprocesser, där frysning och tining samt kalkurlakning är av särskilt intresse för beständigheten givet de typiska exponeringsförhållanden som beaktas i detta arbete. Arbetet avseende förbättrad modellering har därför fokuserat på fenomen som är relaterade till dessa två nedbrytningsprocesser av betong och hur de samverkar för att skapa skadliga synergieffekter.

Samtliga modeller som utvecklats inom detta doktorandprojekt baseras på en multifasbeskrivning av betong som ett poröst material samt poromekanik för att beskriva det kopplade hydro-termo-mekaniska materialbeteendet. Eftersom det övergripande målet avser nedbrytning i vattenbyggnadskonstruktioner har modellutvecklingen fokuserat på modellformuleringar som kan användas för simulering på strukturskala. De modeller som presenteras i den här avhandlingen beskriver långtidsabsorption av vatten i lufttillsatt betong samt responsen hos delvis vattenmättad lufttillsatt betong exponerad för frysning och tining. I de senare modellerna inkluderas fasomvandlingar samt hysteresen vid frysning och tining explicit i modellformuleringarna. De presenterade simuleringsexemplen är genomförda med finita elementmetoden och modellernas beteende har verifierats med experimentella resultat från litteraturen. Dessutom presenteras accelererade urlakningsexperiment på lufttillsatt betong där urlakningens inverkan på isbildning och smältning i porsystemet på grund av förändringar i porstrukturen studerades.

Avhandlingens huvudsakliga forskningsbidrag är utveckling samt utvärdering av avancerade modeller avsedda för simulering på strukturskala och som beskriver viktiga processer och fenomen relaterade till frysning och tining av lufttillsatt betong. Det experimentella arbetet visar på den betydande inverkan av kalkurlakning på frysning- och tiningsprocesserna, där resultaten även kan underlätta fortsatt modellutveckling där några av de samverkansmekanismer som orsakar skadliga synergieffekter beaktas. Multifasmodellering har visats vara lämpligt för att beskriva de kopplade processerna samt för att inkludera samverkan mellan olika nedbrytningsmekanismer. De teoretiska modellerna kan också bidra till ökad insikt och förståelse av dessa fenomen. Därigenom kan de till exempel bidra till utvecklingen av mer förenklade modeller som är anpassade för vanliga ingenjörstillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 159
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2111
Keywords [en]
Degradation, Hydraulic structures, Air-entrained concrete, Multiphase models, Multiphysics, Long-term moisture conditions, Freeze-thaw, Hysteresis, Absorption, Calcium leaching, Finite Element Method
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293486ISBN: 978-91-7873-832-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-293486DiVA, id: diva2:1547410
Public defence
2021-06-03, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/s/68112220663, Du som saknar dator /datorvana kontakta Anders Ansell ansell@kth.se / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20210507

Available from: 2021-05-07 Created: 2021-04-26 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Multiphase Model for Long-Term Water Absorption into Air-Entrained Concrete
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Multiphase Model for Long-Term Water Absorption into Air-Entrained Concrete
2019 (English)In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 127, no 1, p. 113-141Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Many concrete structures located in cold climates and in contact with free water are cast with air-entrained concrete. The presence of air pores significantly affects the absorption of water into the concrete, and it may take decades before these are fully saturated. This generally improves the long-term performance of such structures and in particular their frost resistance. To study the long-term moisture conditions in air-entrained concrete, a hygro-thermo-mechanical multiphase model is presented, where the rate of filling of air pores with water is described as a separate diffusion process. The driving potential is the concentration of dissolved air, obtained using an averaging procedure with the air pore size distribution as the weighting function. The model is derived using the thermodynamically constrained averaging theory as a starting point. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities and performance of the proposed model. These show that the model is capable of describing the complete absorption process of water in air-entrained concrete and yields results that comply with laboratory and in situ measurements.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Netherlands: Springer, 2019
Keywords
Air-entrained concrete, Multiphase model, Long-term absorption, Diffusion, Pore size distribution
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240364 (URN)10.1007/s11242-018-1182-3 (DOI)000459472600005 ()2-s2.0-85055973654 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190108

Available from: 2018-12-17 Created: 2018-12-17 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
2. Influence of air voids in multiphase modelling for service life prediction of partially saturated concrete
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of air voids in multiphase modelling for service life prediction of partially saturated concrete
2018 (English)In: Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures / [ed] Günther Meschke, Bernhard Pichler, Jan G. Rots, London, UK: CRC Press, 2018, p. 317-326Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this study is to show the influence and significance of including water filling of air pores when studying moisture conditions in concrete structures cast with air-entrained concrete and in contact with free water. Especially if the aim is to assess the risk for frost damages in different regions of the structure, based on a critical degree of saturation, in order to ultimately perform a service life prediction. A hygro-thermo-mechanical multiphase model that includes the effect of water filling in air pores, recently presented by the authors, is briefly described and applied in two numerical examples. The results show moisture distributions that would not be possible to capture without the air pore filling included in the model. More importantly, the general shape of these distributions complies well with measured distributions in real concrete structures as well as with distributions obtained in laboratory measurements.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
London, UK: CRC Press, 2018
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225113 (URN)10.1201/9781315182964-40 (DOI)000461335800040 ()2-s2.0-85061340478 (Scopus ID)978-1-138-74117-1 (ISBN)978-1-315-18296-4 (ISBN)
Conference
Euro-C 2018 Computational Modelling of Concrete and Concrete Structures
Note

QC 20180403

Available from: 2018-03-29 Created: 2018-03-29 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
3. Freezing of partially saturated air-entrained concrete: A multiphase description of the hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Freezing of partially saturated air-entrained concrete: A multiphase description of the hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour
2018 (English)In: International Journal of Solids and Structures, ISSN 0020-7683, E-ISSN 1879-2146, Vol. 152-153, p. 294-304Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Even though air-entrained concrete is usually used for concrete structures located in cold climates that are exposed to wet environments, frost damage is frequently detected during inspections. However, it is often hard to assess the extent and severity of the damage and, thus, there is a need for better tools and aids that can complement already established assessment methods. Several studies have successfully shown that models based on poromechanics and a multiphase approach can be used to describe the freezing behaviour of air-entrained concrete. However, these models are often limited to the scale of the air pore system and, hence, hard to use in applications involving real structures. This study proposes a hygro-thermo-mechanical multiphase model which describes the freezing behaviour of partially saturated air-entrained concrete on the structural scale. The model is implemented in a general FE-code and two numerical examples are presented to validate and show the capabilities of the model. The first concerns a series of experimental tests of air-entrained cement pastes, whereas the second aims to show the capability of the model to account for an initial non-uniform distribution of moisture. While the model predictions underestimate the magnitude of the measured strains, the results still show that the model can capture the general freezing behaviour observed in the experimental tests on the structural scale. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the model is capable of describing freezing induced deformations caused by non-uniform moisture distributions.

Keywords
Freezing, Partially saturated, Air-entrained concrete, Structural scale, Finite element modelling
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-237303 (URN)10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.07.004 (DOI)000447576100023 ()2-s2.0-85051402406 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20181114

Available from: 2018-10-26 Created: 2018-10-26 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
4. Hygro-thermo-mechanical modeling of partially saturated air-entrained concrete containing dissolved salt and exposed to freeze-thaw cycles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hygro-thermo-mechanical modeling of partially saturated air-entrained concrete containing dissolved salt and exposed to freeze-thaw cycles
2021 (English)In: Cement and Concrete Research, ISSN 0008-8846, E-ISSN 1873-3948, Vol. 141, article id 106314Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In cold regions, understanding the freeze-thaw behavior of air-entrained concrete is important for designing durable structures and assessing the remaining service life of existing structures. This study presents a hygro-thermo-mechanical multiphase model that describes the cyclic freeze-thaw behavior of partially saturated air-entrained concrete containing dissolved salt. An equilibrium and a non-equilibrium approach are adopted to model the ice formation, including the freeze-thaw hysteresis, inside the porous network. The model also considers the diffusive and convective transport of the dissolved salt coupled to the freeze-thaw processes. Two examples are presented to verify and highlight the capabilities of the model. The first example shows that the model is capable of reproducing the experimentally observed mechanical response of specimens containing NaC1-solutions of different concentrations. In the second example, a larger absorption of liquid from an external reservoir is obtained with an increasing salt concentration in the reservoir, which is consistent with experimental observations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
Freezing and thawing (C), Finite element analysis (C), Absorption, Hysteresis, Salt
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289880 (URN)10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106314 (DOI)000608764100002 ()2-s2.0-85097753874 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210212

Available from: 2021-02-12 Created: 2021-02-12 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
5. Influence of calcium leaching on ice formation in air-entrained concrete: Accelerated experiments and hygro-thermo-mechanical modelling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of calcium leaching on ice formation in air-entrained concrete: Accelerated experiments and hygro-thermo-mechanical modelling
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Concrete structures in cold regions exposed to long-term contact with soft water often suffer from damage caused by combined calcium leaching and frost actions. This paper experimentally investigates the influence of leaching on the formation and melting of ice inside the pore space of air-entrained concrete. For reference, a non-air-entrained concrete is also tested. An electrochemical accelerated leaching method is adopted to degrade the concrete, and low-temperature calorimetry is used to measure the ice formation. Furthermore, utilising the experimental data, the mechanical response of leached specimens during freeze-thaw exposure is theoretically studied using a hygro-thermo-mechanical multiphase model to explore their coupled effect. The results show a substantial increase in freezable water content that phase changes at relatively small temperature depressions, where the largest increase occurs in air-entrained concrete. The simulation results indicate that the critical degree of saturation becomes lower in leached concrete, hence increasing its susceptibility to frost damage.

Keywords
Air-entrained concrete, Calcium leaching, Freezing and thawing, Low-temperature calorimetry, Finite element analysis
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292952 (URN)
Note

QC 20210427

Available from: 2021-04-18 Created: 2021-04-18 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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