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Adsorption of Horseradish Peroxidase on Metallic Nanoparticles: Effects on Reactive Oxygen Species Detection Using 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin Diacetate
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2100-8864
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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2021 (English)In: Chemical Research in Toxicology, ISSN 0893-228X, E-ISSN 1520-5010, Vol. 34, no 6, p. 1481-1495Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The fluorescent probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) together with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is widely used in nanotoxicology to study acellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from nanoparticles (NPs). This study examined whether HRP adsorbs onto NPs of Mn, Ni, and Cu and if this surface process influences the extent of metal release and hence the ROS production measurements using the DCFH assay in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), saline, or Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM). Adsorption of HRP was evident onto all NPs and conditions, except for Mn NPs in PBS. The presence of HRP resulted in an increased release of copper from the Cu NPs in PBS and reduced levels of nickel from the Ni NPs in saline. Both metal ions in solution and the adsorption of HRP onto the NPs can change the activity of HRP and thus influence the ROS results. The effect of HRP on the NP reactivity was shown to be solution chemistry dependent. Most notable was the evident affinity/adsorption of phosphate toward the metal NPs, followed by a reduced adsorption of HRP, the concomitant reduction in released manganese from the Mn NPs, and increased levels of released metals from the Cu NPs in PBS. Minor effects were observed for the Ni NPs. The solution pH should be monitored since the release of metals can change the solution pH and the activity of HRP is known to be pH-dependent. It is furthermore essential that solution pH adjustments are made following the addition of NaOH during diacetyl removal of DCFH-DA. Even though not observed for the given exposure conditions of this study, released metal ions could possibly induce agglomeration or partial denaturation of HRP, which in turn could result in steric hindrance for H2O2 to reach the active site of HRP. This study further emphasizes the influence of HRP on the background kinetics, its solution dependence, and effects on measured ROS signals. Different ways of correcting for the background are highlighted, as this can result in different interpretations of generated results. The results show that adsorption of HRP onto the metal NPs influenced the extent of metal release and may, depending on the investigated system, result in either under- or overestimated ROS signals if used together with the DCFH assay. HRP should hence be used with caution when measuring ROS in the presence of reactive metallic NPs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2021. Vol. 34, no 6, p. 1481-1495
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296890DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00430ISI: 000664624800011PubMedID: 33856197Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85105040573OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-296890DiVA, id: diva2:1564515
Note

QC 20210802

Available from: 2021-06-11 Created: 2021-06-11 Last updated: 2022-11-16Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Surface reactions on metallic nanoparticles: Ligand adsorption, metal release, and reactive oxygen species generation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Surface reactions on metallic nanoparticles: Ligand adsorption, metal release, and reactive oxygen species generation
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Humans are exposed daily to metallic nanoparticles (Me NPs) from multiple sources which can have both natural and anthropogenic origins. Such exposures take place via different routes including inhalation and skin contact and may result in adverse health effects. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate surface interactions taking place on metallic nanoparticles upon simplified inhalation and how such interactions influence their toxic potency. 

Except for the particle and surface characteristics, the interface to the cell environment, the extent, speciation of the released metal fraction, and the ability of the particles to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated as these parameters are known to largely govern the cell toxicity. ROS naturally form in the cells as an essential part of our immune system, but can in excess, result in cell membrane damage and harmful effects. This has been studied using a multianalytical and interdisciplinary approach combining surface and material chemistry with toxicological investigations with the main focus on ROS formation. The study has for example elucidated which reactive oxygen species that are formed due to the presence of metallic NPs, and the underlying mechanisms. 

The reliability of using different ROS assays, and the possible artifacts induced by metallic NPs, have been investigated. Methods to assess ROS which previously have not been used in the field of nanotoxicology were introduced showing that copper NPs via corrosion reactions produce ROS and Haber Weiss or Fenton-reactions can decompose hydrogen peroxide into the reactive hydroxyl radical. A way to group NPs based on their surface reactions forming ROS was proposed. Other particle- and surface characteristics of metallic NPs of importance for the toxic potency and ability to induce oxidative stress, e.g. adsorption of biomolecules, particle agglomeration, surface composition, and release of metal ions including their speciation.

Abstract [sv]

Människor utsätts dagligen för metalliska nanopartiklar från olika källor vilka kan ha både naturligt och antropogent ursprung. Sådan exponering sker via olika exponeringsvägar, till exempel genom inandning och hudkontakt, vilket kan leda till negativa hälsoeffekter. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka vad som sker på ytan av metalliska nanopartiklar vid simulerad inandning och hur detta påverkar deras potentiellt toxiska egenskaper.

Partikelytans egenskaper undersöktes då denna yta är i direkt kontakt med den omgivande miljön. Egenskaperna av intresse var främst graden av metallfrisättning, dess kemiska form, samt partiklarnas förmåga att bilda syreradikaler och väteperoxid (ROS). ROS bildas naturligt i cellerna som en viktig del av vårt immunsystem, men kan i överskott resultera i negativa effekter. Studier genomfördes genom att tillämpa ett multianalytiskt och tvärvetenskapligt tillvägagångssätt där yt- och materialkemiska studier kombinerades med toxikologiska undersökningar, med huvudfokus på ROS-bildning. Studierna har bland annat belyst vilka typer av ROS som kan bildas på grund av metalliska NP samt de underliggande mekanismerna. 

Tillförlitligheten av att använda olika tekniker för ROS-analyser och deras möjliga artefakter inducerade av metalliska NP undersöktes. Metoder för att bedöma ROS som tidigare inte har använts inom nanotoxikologi introducerades vilka möjliggör detektion av specifika syreradikaler. Resultat för Cu NP visade på att både korrosionsreaktioner producerar ROS samt att Haber Weiss- eller Fenton(lika) reaktioner kan sönderdela väteperoxid och bilda den reaktiva hydroxylradikalen. Ett förslag för gruppering av metalliska NP baserat på deras ROS mekanismer föreslås. Studier av andra partikel- och ytegenskaper hos metalliska NP av betydelse för deras möjliga toxicitet omfattar även adsorption av ligander och biomolekyler, grad av partikelagglomeration, yt-sammansättning, metallfrisättning och deras speciering i lösning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 53
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:62
Keywords
metallic nanoparticles, ROS, reactive oxygen species, metal release, ligand adsorption, corrosion, Fenton(like)/Haber Weiss reactions, metalliska nanopartiklar, ROS, reaktiva syreradikaler, metallfrisättning, adsorption, korrosion, Fenton(lika)/Haber Weiss reaktioner
National Category
Surface- and Corrosion Engineering
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321407 (URN)978-91-8040-425-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-12-19, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/meeting/register/u5EufuitrDwiHtNdgN-mOXVgrsHeHIoCgQOb, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council, D61720
Note

QC 2022-11-17

Available from: 2022-11-17 Created: 2022-11-16 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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Publisher's full textPubMedScopushttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00430

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Kessler, AmandaHedberg, JonasBlomberg, EvaOdnevall Wallinder, Inger

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