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Long-Term Exploration in Unknown Dynamic Environments
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Centre for Autonomous Systems, CAS.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1170-7162
2021 (English)In: 2021 7Th International Conference On Automation, Robotics And Applications (Icara 2021), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2021, p. 32-37Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The task of exploration does not end when the robot has covered the entire environment. The world is dynamic and to model this property and to keep the map up to date the robot needs to re-explore. In this work, we present an approach to long-term exploration that builds on prior work on dynamic mapping, volumetric representations of space, and exploration planning. The main contribution of our work is a novel formulation of the information gain function that controls the exploration so that it trades off revisiting highly dynamic areas where changes are very likely with covering the rest of the environment to ensure both coverage and up-to-date estimates of the dynamics. We provide experimental validation of our approach in three different simulated environments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2021. p. 32-37
Keywords [en]
Autonomous exploration, Dynamic environment, Long-term mapping
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299705DOI: 10.1109/ICARA51699.2021.9376367ISI: 000668755500007Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85103740460OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-299705DiVA, id: diva2:1585816
Conference
International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Applications, ICARA 2021, Virtual, Prague, 4 February 2021 - 6 February 2021
Note

QC 20210818

Available from: 2021-08-18 Created: 2021-08-18 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Flexible, Efficient, and Scalable Autonomous Exploration and Volumetric Mapping
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Flexible, Efficient, and Scalable Autonomous Exploration and Volumetric Mapping
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Flexibel, effektiv och skalbar autonom utforskning och volymetrisk kartläggning
Abstract [en]

Autonomous mobile robots have in recent years started to enter households in the form of autonomous vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers. The applicability of more advanced and general purpose service robots is almost endless. That is, robots that can perform a variety of tasks, instead of being specialized for a single task. To this end, there are some fundamental challenges that need to be addressed. One of the key capabilities of an autonomous mobile robot is navigation. To achieve truly autonomous navigation, the robot has to be able to localize itself, plan, execute, and update a path that takes it to its desired location, and to generate a map on-the-fly of its environment if the environment is unknown or changing. This thesis focuses on the latter two of these challenges, planning and mapping. More specifically, we investigate in the scenario where the robot lacks any prior knowledge of the environment, referred to as autonomous exploration.

One of the most important insights throughout the thesis is that these challenges should not be examined in isolation. As these are generally not the main tasks, a truly autonomous mobile robot shall perform; instead, they are necessities to fulfill higher-level tasks. Therefore, aspects such as flexibility and scalability should be regarded higher than simply accomplishing the task as efficiently or quickly as possible.

Another insight, specifically regarding mapping, comes from surveying both consumers, the ones using the maps, and producers, the ones creating the maps. Ideally, a mapping framework should be optimized towards both, as it is pointless creating maps that cannot be used as well as assuming data can be extracted from a map in ways that are unfeasible. However, in existing works this is rare. 

A third insight, specifically regarding exploration, comes from breaking down typical assumptions and simplifications that are generally applied to make the problem tractable. We show that the problem is often formulated such that it leads to unnecessary greedy behavior, where the expected information gain has too high priority. Not only do we show that with a more general formulation we can achieve better results, but also that the information gain is not important from a long-term perspective.

In this thesis, we present a mapping framework as well as an exploration framework. With these frameworks, we show that flexibility and scalability do not necessarily have to come at the cost of efficiency. We contribute the mapping framework, UFOMap, and the exploration framework, UFOExplorer, open-source to the community such that others can further develop and build upon them.

Abstract [sv]

Autonoma mobila robotar har på senare år börjat komma in i hushållen i form av autonoma dammsugare och gräsklippare. Tillämpbarheten av mer avancerade och generella servicerobotar är nästan oändlig. Det vill säga robotar som kan utföra en mängd olika uppgifter, istället för att vara specialiserade för en enskild uppgift. För detta ändamål finns det några grundläggande utmaningar som måste lösas. En av nyckelfunktionerna hos en autonom mobil robot är navigering. För att uppnå verklig autonom navigering måste roboten kunna lokalisera sig själv, planera, utföra och uppdatera en plan som tar den till dess önskade plats, och generera en karta i farten över sin miljö om miljön är okänd, eller förändras. Denna avhandling fokuserar på de två senare av dessa utmaningar, planering och kartläggning. Närmare bestämt undersöker vi scenariot där roboten saknar förkunskaper om miljön, så kallad autonom utforskning.

En av de viktigaste insikterna genom hela avhandlingen är att dessa utmaningar inte bör granskas isolerat. Eftersom dessa i allmänhet inte är huvuduppgifterna en verklig autonom mobil robot ska utföra; istället är de nödvändigheter för att utföra uppgifter på högre nivå. Därför bör aspekter som flexibilitet och skalbarhet ses som högre än att bara utföra uppgiften så effektivt eller snabbt som möjligt.

En annan insikt, specifikt när det gäller kartläggning, kommer från kart-läggning av både konsumenter, de som använder kartorna, och producenter, de som skapar kartorna. Helst bör ett kartramverk optimeras för båda, eftersom det är meningslöst att skapa kartor som inte kan användas samt att anta att data kan extraheras från en karta på sätt som är omöjliga. I befintligt arbete är detta sällsynt.

En tredje insikt, specifikt angående utforskning, kommer från att bryta ner typiska antaganden och förenklingar som generellt tillämpas för att göra problemet löst. Vi visar att problemet ofta formaliseras så att det leder till onödigt girigt beteende, där den förväntade informationsvinsten har för hög prioritet. Vi visar inte bara att vi med en mer generell formalisering kan nå bättre resultat utan också att informationsvinsten inte är viktig ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv.

I denna avhandling presenterar vi ett kartläggningsramverk samt ett utforskningsramverk. Med dessa ramverk visar vi att flexibilitet och skalbarhet inte nödvändigtvis behöver ske på bekostnad av effektivitet. Vi bidrar med kartläggningsramverket, UFOMap, och utforkninsramverket, UFOExplorer, öppen källkod till samhället så att andra kan utveckla och bygga vidare på dem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 39
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2022:14
Keywords
Exploration, Mapping, Autonomous Exploration, Volumetric Mapping
National Category
Robotics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-309219 (URN)978-91-8040-144-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-03-18, U1, Brinellvägen 26, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research , FACTSwedish Research Council, Xplore3D
Note

QC 20220224

Available from: 2022-02-24 Created: 2022-02-23 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Bonnevie, RodrigueDuberg, DanielJensfelt, Patric

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