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Multifunctional carbohydrate-based soft materials from cereal by-products
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Glycoscience.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0806-1989
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cereal production generates large quantities of by-products every year, which still remain underutilized. The hemicellulose fractions from cereal by-products are anticipated to play an important role in tomorrow's sustainable and bio-based circular economy. This thesis addresses the valorization of hemicelluloses from cereal bran into films and hydrogels, starting from their isolation and expanding to the evaluation of material properties and potential use in future applications.

Initial isolation of arabinoxylans (AX) from wheat bran was achieved by a lab-scale subcritical water extraction (SWE) maintaining their functional groups (i.e. ferulic acid) and the effect of prior protein isolation on AX extraction was studied. The protein isolation resulted in a looser structure of wheat bran, which increased the polysaccharide yields in subsequent SWE. The polymeric structure and ferulic acid groups were preserved to a large extent after both protein isolation and SWE. The extracted AX fractions had considerable antioxidant activity, rendering them potential sources for further material development.

Further isolation of larger quantities of wheat bran AX was achieved by pilot scale SWE and alkaline extraction, resulting in feruloylated and non-feruloylated AX fractions, respectively. The film formation and properties of these AXs were investigated in comparison with a wheat endosperm AX. The three AX were also chemically modified by acetylation and applied in films. Higher purity, molecular weight, and degree of substitution of the AX extracts led to better thermal and mechanical properties of their films. The thermal stability of the films was significantly improved after chemical acetylation however, the mechanical performance and permeability properties did not change. Bound ferulic acid in feruloylated AX films was found to have considerably higher antioxidant activity than external incorporation of free ferulic acid.

Hydrogels were produced by enzymatic crosslinking of feruloylated AX from both wheat and corn bran, which show distinct molecular structure and ferulic acid content. For wheat bran AX, hydrogels were obtained by laccase crosslinking and the following regeneration process, and their biochemical and biophysical properties were studied. The rheological properties of feruloylated AX were enhanced by enzymatic crosslinking and further improved by the regeneration, proving that their mechanical strength can be modulated by chemical and physical adjustments. For corn bran AX, crosslinking was applied by laccase and peroxidase to compare the properties of the resulting hydrogels. Laccase formed a more elastic hydrogel network whereas peroxidase crosslinking resulted in hydrogels with larger covalent polymer networks. As a result of these differences between the two enzymes, the hydrogel obtained by peroxidase crosslinking contained larger aggregates with lower clustering strength. The crosslinking was followed by a cell application of the AX hydrogels, where their protective effect against chemically induced oxidative stress was demonstrated. Both corn bran AX hydrogels provided adequate scavenging against reactive oxygen species produced by human colon cells. It was shown that the gelation of wheat bran AX is governed by physical interactions between the xylan backbones of adjacent chains and interactions between larger scale aggregates in addition to the covalent crosslinks. The gelation mechanism of highly substituted corn bran AX was instead hypothesized to proceed by interactions between side chains together with covalent crosslinks. This thesis demonstrated that AX-based hydrogels could find potential use in food and biomedical applications. The outputs of this thesis will contribute to the bioeconomy and sustainable development by valorizing food side fractions into new high-value materials.

Abstract [sv]

Spannmålsproduktion genererar varje år biprodukter i stora mängder som fortfarande är outnyttjade. Hemicellulosor från spannmålbiprodukter förväntas spela en viktig roll i framtidens hållbara och biobaserade cirkulära ekonomi. Denna avhandling omfattar valorisering av hemicellulosor från spannmålskli till filmer och hydrogeler, vilken startar med isolering och utvidgas till utvärdering av materialegenskaper och eventuell användning vid vidare applikationer.

Arabinoxylaner (AX) extraherades initialt genom att använda en subkritisk vattenextraktion (SWE) i laboratorieskala under vilken de funktionella grupperna (ferulsyra) behölls intakta och effekten av tidigare proteinisolering i AX extraktion studerades. Proteinisoleringen resulterade i en lösare struktur hos vetekliet, vilket ökade utbytet av polysackarid i efterföljande SWE. Polymerstrukturen och ferulsyra grupperna bibehölls i stor utsträckning efter både proteinisolering och SWE. De extraherade AX fraktionerna uppvisade avsevärd antioxidantisk aktivitet, vilket gör dem till potentiella källor för ytterligare materialutveckling.

Ytterligare isolering av vetekli AX i större mängder uppnåddes genom pilotskala SWE och alkalisk extraktion, vilket resulterade i feruloylerade och icke-feruloylerade AX-fraktioner. Filmbildningen och egenskaperna hos dessa AX undersöktes och jämföredes med en veteendosperm AX. De tre AX modifierades också kemiskt genom acetylering och applicerades i filmer. Högre renhet, molekylvikt ochsubstitutionsgrad hos AX extrakten ledde till bättre termiska och mekaniska egenskaper hos dessa filmer. Filmernas termiska stabilitet förbättrades avsevärt efter kemisk acetylering, men de mekaniska prestandaoch permeabilitetsegenskaperna förändrades inte. Bunden ferulsyra i AX filmerna uppvisade betydligt högre antioxidantisk aktivitet än extern införlivning av fri ferulsyra.

Hydrogeler producerades genom enzymatisk tvärbindning av feruloylerad AX från både vete och majskli, som båda uppvisar distinkt molekylstruktur och ferulsyrahalt. Hydrogeler producerades från vetekli AX genom lackas tvärbindning och den följande regenereringsprocessen samt deras biokemiska och biofysikaliska egenskaper studerades. De reologiska egenskaperna hos feruloylerad AX förstärktes genom enzymatisk tvärbindning och förbättrades vidare genom regenereringen, vilket bevisar att deras mekaniska hållfasthet kan moduleras genom kemiska och fysiska justeringar. För majskli AX applicerades tvärbindning med lackas och peroxidas för att jämföra egenskaperna hos de resulterande hydrogelerna. Lackas bildade ett mer elastisk hydrogelnätverk medan peroxidas tvärbindning resulterade i hydrogeler med större kovalenta polymernätverk. Som ett resultat av dessa skillnader mellan de två enzymerna uppvisade hydrogelerna från peroxidas tvärbindning större aggregat med lägre klusterstyrka. Tvärbindningen följdes av en cellapplicering av AX hydrogelerna, där deras skyddande effekt mot kemiskt inducerad oxidativ stress påvisades. Båda majskli AX hydrogelerna uppvisade god avlägsningsförmåga gemtemot reaktiva syreföreningar som produceras av humana kolonceller. Det visades att gelningen av vetekli AX styrs av fysikaliska interaktioner mellan xylan skelettet i angränsande AX kedjor och interaktioner mellan aggregat i större skala i tillägg till de kovalenta tvärbindningarna. Geleringsmekanismen för starkt substituerad majskli AX antogs istället gå vidare genom interaktioner mellan sidokedjor tillsammans kovalenta tvärbindningar. Denna avhandling visade att AX-baserade hydrogeler kan hitta potentiell användning inom livsmedel och biomedicinska tillämpningar. Resultatet av denna avhandling kommer att bidra till bioekonomi och hållbar utveckling genom att valorisera livsmedelsfraktioner till nya högvärdiga material.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 74
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:39
Keywords [en]
wheat bran, corn bran, hemicellulose, arabinoxylan, ferulic acid, subcritical water extraction, acetylation, films, hydrogels, crosslinking, regeneration, antioxidant activity
Keywords [sv]
vetekli, majskli, hemicellulosa, arabinoxylan, ferulsyra, subkritisk vattenextraktion, acetylering, filmer, hydrogeler, tvärbindning, regeneration, antioxidant aktivitet
National Category
Natural Sciences
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302998ISBN: 978-91-8040-005-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-302998DiVA, id: diva2:1600181
Public defence
2021-11-04, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, and via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64626923334?pwd=K3lhVUpsOUgxUHlKOUdnSG05c2phQT09, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas
Note

QC 2021-10-04

Available from: 2021-10-04 Created: 2021-10-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Cascade extraction of proteins and feruloylated arabinoxylans from wheat bran
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cascade extraction of proteins and feruloylated arabinoxylans from wheat bran
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2020 (English)In: Food Chemistry, ISSN 0308-8146, E-ISSN 1873-7072, Vol. 333, article id 127491Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A cascade process for the sequential recovery of proteins and feruloylated arabinoxylan from wheat bran is proposed, involving a protein isolation step, enzymatic destarching and subcritical water extraction. The protein isolation step combining lactic acid fermentation and cold alkaline extraction reduced the recalcitrance of wheat bran, thus improving the total yields of the subsequent subcritical water extraction. The time evolution of subcritical water extraction of feruloylated arabinoxylan was compared at two temperatures (160 °C and 180 °C). Longer residence times enhanced the purity of target feruloylated arabinoxylans, whereas higher temperatures resulted in faster extraction at the expense of significant molar mass reduction. The radical scavenging activity of the extracted feruloylated arabinoxylans was preserved after the initial protein isolation step. This study opens new possibilities for the cascade valorization of wheat bran into enriched protein and non-starch polysaccharide fractions, which show potential to be used as functional food ingredients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2020
Keywords
Arabinoxylan (AX), Ferulic acid, Protein, Subcritical water extraction, Wheat bran, Lactic acid, Proteins, Alkaline extraction, Cascade process, Food ingredients, Lactic acid fermentation, Non-starch polysaccharides, Protein isolation, Radical scavenging activity, Extraction, arabinoxylan, polysaccharide, coumaric acid, plant protein, xylan, Article, cold, comparative study, fermentation, functional food, temperature, chemistry, dietary fiber, fractionation, heat, isolation and purification, molecular weight, procedures, Chemical Fractionation, Coumaric Acids, Hot Temperature, Plant Proteins, Xylans
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284548 (URN)10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127491 (DOI)000567774300023 ()32659672 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85087589119 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201103

Available from: 2020-10-28 Created: 2020-10-28 Last updated: 2024-02-12Bibliographically approved
2. Bio-based films from wheat bran feruloylated arabinoxylan: Effect of extraction technique, acetylation and feruloylation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bio-based films from wheat bran feruloylated arabinoxylan: Effect of extraction technique, acetylation and feruloylation
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2020 (English)In: Carbohydrate Polymers, ISSN 0144-8617, E-ISSN 1879-1344, Vol. 250, article id 116916Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study demonstrates the potential of feruloylated arabinoxylan (AX) from wheat bran for the preparation of bioactive barrier films with antioxidant properties. We have comprehensively evaluated the influence of the structural features and chemical acetylation of feruloylated AX extracted by subcritical water on their film properties, in comparison with alkaline extracted AX and a reference wheat endosperm AX. The degree of substitution (DS) of AX had a large influence on film formation, higher DS yielded better thermal and mechanical properties. The barrier properties of AX films were significantly enhanced by external plasticization by sorbitol. Chemical acetylation significantly improved the thermal stability but not the mechanical or barrier properties of the films. The presence of bound ferulic acid in feruloylated AX films resulted in higher antioxidant activity compared to external addition of free ferulic acid, which demonstrates their potential use in active packaging applications for the preservation of oxygen-sensitive foodstuff. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2020
Keywords
Acetylation, Antioxidant activity, Arabinoxylan, Barrier properties, Ferulic acid, Subcritical water extraction, Wheat bran, Alkalinity, Antioxidants, Chemical stability, Film preparation, Anti-oxidant activities, Antioxidant properties, Degree of substitution, Extraction techniques, Structural feature, Sub-critical water, Thermal and mechanical properties
National Category
Polymer Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284549 (URN)10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116916 (DOI)000578996800009 ()33049888 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85089684058 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201111

Available from: 2020-10-28 Created: 2020-10-28 Last updated: 2024-02-12Bibliographically approved
3. Revealing the mechanisms of hydrogel formation by laccase crosslinking and regeneration of feruloylated arabinoxylan from wheat bran
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Revealing the mechanisms of hydrogel formation by laccase crosslinking and regeneration of feruloylated arabinoxylan from wheat bran
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Feruloylated arabinoxylan (FAX) from cereal brans has large potential to generate multifunctional materials with customized macromolecular and nanostructural architectures and techno-functional properties. Here we investigate the biochemical and structural mechanisms of hydrogel formation of wheat bran FAX following enzymatic crosslinking by laccase and a subsequent regeneration procedure involving freeze-drying and resuspension of the crosslinkedFAX in different pH buffers, using a battery of biochemical, rheological and biophysical techniques. The laccase crosslinking induced the conversion of ferulic acid units into a wide diversity of dimeric forms, leading to an increased molecular weight and a closer-packing of the FAX chains. The regeneration step resulted in a remarkable increase in the viscosity and viscoelasticity for all tested pH, especially under acidic conditions. The amount of crystallinity ofFAX increased by enzymatic crosslinking, it was however not influenced by the regeneration step. The structural characterization revealed that enzymatic crosslinking, in addition to the formation of covalent crosslinks, increases the physical intermolecular interactions between adjacent FAXdomains, and the regeneration forms larger clusters with higher dynamic moduli. Our results reveal that both chemical and physical mechanisms influence the network formation and multiscale assembly of wheat bran FAX hydrogels, thus modulating their rheological properties fundamental for their use in food and biomedical applications.

Keywords
arabinoxylan, ferulic acid, oxidative gelation, crystallinity, hydrogel nanostructure
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Food Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302995 (URN)
Note

QC 20211130

Available from: 2021-10-04 Created: 2021-10-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Enzymatic production of hydrogels from corn bran feruloylated arabinoxylan with protective effects against reactive oxygen species
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enzymatic production of hydrogels from corn bran feruloylated arabinoxylan with protective effects against reactive oxygen species
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The feruloylated nature of cereal bran arabinoxylans (AX) enables the production of strong hydrogen networks to be used as matrices for food and biomedical applications with protective effects against reactive oxygen species. Here we comparatively examine the physicochemical properties and radical scavenging activity of hydrogels developed from corn bran AX with high ferulic acid content following enzymatic crosslinking by laccase and peroxidase. Both enzymatic systems resulted in strong hydrogels with distinct kinetics, properties and ultrastructure. Peroxidase-mediated crosslinking exhibited much faster kinetics during hydrogel formation, whereas laccase-crosslinking provided a stronger network. Structural characterization by size exclusion chromatography, small angle X-ray scattering, and microscopy revealed that laccase formed aggregates with higher clustering strength, while peroxidase led to the occurrence of larger covalent polymer aggregates. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated that the AXhydrogels had adequate biocompatibility and demonstrated protective effects against oxidative stress on colon cells under in vitro conditions. The peroxidase-crosslinked hydrogel achieved a higher antioxidative effect. This study demonstrates the distinct effect of enzymatic crosslinking routes of highly feruloylated AX, resulting in hydrogels with tailored morphological, structural and rheological properties. Moreover, the AX hydrogels display excellent radical scavenging activity against cellular oxidative stress, which constitutes a proof of concept for their potential application in cell delivery, encapsulation and bio-fabrication.

Keywords
arabinoxylan, ferulic acid, subcritical water extraction, crosslinking, nanostructure, oxidative stress
National Category
Food Science Physical Chemistry Other Biological Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302997 (URN)
Note

QC 20211102

Available from: 2021-10-04 Created: 2021-10-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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