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Improving Fixed Wing UAV Endurance, by Cooperative Autonomous Soaring
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Improving Fixed Wing UAV Endurance, by Cooperative Autonomous Soaring (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The ever-expanding use and development of smaller UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) has highlighted an increasing demand for extended range and endurance for this type of vehicles. 

In this thesis, the development of a concept and system for autonomous soaring of cooperating unmanned aerial vehicles is presented. The purpose of the developed system is to extend endurance by harvesting energy available in the atmosphere in the form of thermal updrafts, in a similar way that some birds and manned gliders do. By using this “free” energy, considerable improvements in maximum achievable endurance can be realized under a wide variety of atmospherical and weather conditions. 

The work included theoretical analysis, simulations, and finally flight test- ing of the soaring controller and the system. The system was initially devel- oped as a single-vehicle concept and thereafter extended into a system consist- ing of two cooperating gliders. The purpose of the extension to cooperation, was to further improve the performance of the system by increasing the ability to locate the rising air of thermal updrafts. 

The theoretical analysis proved the soaring algorithm’s thermal centering controller to be stable. The trials showed the concept of autonomous soaring to function as expected from the simulations. Further it revealed that, by applying the idea, extensive performance gains can be achieved under a fairly wide variety of conditions. 

The cooperative soaring, likewise, functioned as anticipated and the glid- ers found, cooperated, and climbed together in updrafts. This represents the first and presumably only time cooperative autonomous soaring in this way, has been successfully demonstrated in flight. To draw further conclusions on the advantages of cooperative soaring additional flight trials would, however, be beneficial. 

Possible issues and limitations were highlighted during the trials and a number of potential improvements were identified. 

As a part of the work, trials were conducted to verify the viability to implement the system into “real world” operational scenarios. As a proof of concept this was done by tasking the autonomous gliders to perform data/communications relay missions for other UAV systems sending imagery to the ground-station from beyond line of sight (BLOS). The outcome of the trials was positive and the concept appeared to be well suited for these types of missions. The comms relay system was further developed into a hybrid system where the optimal location concerning relay performance was autonomously sought out, after-which the attentiveness then switched to autonomous thermal soaring in the vicinity of this ideal relay position. The hybrid system was tested in simulation and partially flight tested. 

Abstract [sv]

Utvecklingen och användandet av mindre UAVer är ett område som ständigt växer. Hand i hand med denna utveckling kommer även behov och kravpå ökad prestanda som t.ex. längre räckvidd och uthållighet för denna typ avUAVer. Denna avhandling redogör för utvecklingen av ett system där samarbetande UAVer utför termik-flygning autonomt. Syftet med systemet är att dra nytta av energi i form av uppvindar eller termik som finns tillgänglig atmosfären på samma sätt som många fågelarter och bemannade segelflygplan gör för att på så sätt öka uthålligheten. Genom att utnyttja denna gratis-energi kan avsevärda förbättringar i maximal uthållighet och räckvidd uppnås.Arbetet omfattade teoretisk analys, simuleringar och slutligen flygprovning av det framtagna och utvecklade systemet. Systemet utvecklades initialt till ett koncept bestående av en flygfarkost som autonomt genom för determik-flygning. Därefter utvecklades systemet till att omfatta två samarbetande flygplan syftande till att förbättra prestandan genom att öka förmågan att hitta eller lokalisera uppvindar i form av termik.Den teoretiska analysen visade att algoritmens termikcentrerings kontrollär stabil. Flygtesterna påvisade vidare att det utvecklade systemet för autonom termikflygning fungerade som förväntat från simuleringarna. Dessutom visade flygproven att betydande prestandaförbättringar i uthållighet kan uppnås, under tämligen varierande väderförhållanden, genom att använda dennateknik.Försöken med samarbetande termikflygande UAVer, visade sig också fungera som avsett. UAVerna hittade, samarbetade och steg tillsammans i termikblåsor. Flygningen med samarbetande autonomt termikflygande UAVerär förmodligen det första och enda lyckade försök i sitt slag som genomförts hittills. Fler försök skulle dock vara värdefullt för att kunna dra ytterligare slutsatser om eventuella för- och nackdelar med detta koncept. Försöken uppmärksammade även potentiella problem och begränsningar,och ett antal tänkbara förbättringar identifierades. Som en del av arbetet gjordes försök i syfte att verifiera möjligheten att implementera systemet på ett verkligt operativt scenario. Detta genomför dessom ett konceptförsök där de termiksökande UAVerna fick agera relästation för kommunikation/datatrafik. Kommunikationen som vidarebefordrades varmellan andra UAV-system som befann sig utanför räckvidd, som sände bilddata tillbaka till markstationen. Försöken föll väl ut och konceptet föreföll mycket lämpligt för denna typ av uppdrag. Kommunikations-reläsystemet vidareutvecklades till ett hybridsystem där den ideala positionen för att agera relästation söktes upp autonomt, varefter fokus istället skiftades till att sökatermik i närområdet av denna optimala reläposition. Hybridsystemet provades i simuleringar, och delvis även i flygförsök.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 112
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2021:65
Keywords [en]
UAV, Autonomous soaring, Cooperative soaring
National Category
Computer Sciences Aerospace Engineering Control Engineering Robotics and automation
Research subject
Computer Science; Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304766ISBN: 978-91-8040-033-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304766DiVA, id: diva2:1610792
Public defence
2021-12-07, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 24, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20211116

Available from: 2021-11-16 Created: 2021-11-11 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Thermal Centering Control for Autonomous Soaring; Stability Analysis and Flight Test Results
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermal Centering Control for Autonomous Soaring; Stability Analysis and Flight Test Results
2012 (English)In: Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, ISSN 0731-5090, E-ISSN 1533-3884, Vol. 35, no 3, p. 963-975Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Keywords
Applied Mathematics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Space and Planetary Science, Aerospace Engineering, Control and Systems Engineering
National Category
Aerospace Engineering Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304586 (URN)10.2514/1.51691 (DOI)000303904600024 ()2-s2.0-84861490145 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20211123

Available from: 2021-11-08 Created: 2021-11-08 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
2. Thermal highs and pitfall lows - notes on the journey to the first cooperative autonomous soaring flight
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermal highs and pitfall lows - notes on the journey to the first cooperative autonomous soaring flight
2012 (English)In: 2012 IEEE 51st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2012, p. 3392-3397Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper discusses the development and flight testing of an algorithm for cooperative soaring by multiple autonomous gliders. Flight test results confirmed that the algorithm functioned as expected and that the gliders worked cooperatively to find and utilize the same updrafts during the test. However, the flight also indicated that the effectiveness of the strategy depends largely on the existing thermal conditions in combination with how restrictively the limits of separation be tween the cooperating gliders are set. To the best of the authors' knowledge this was the world's first cooperative autonomous thermal soaring flight.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2012
National Category
Control Engineering Robotics and automation Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304590 (URN)10.1109/cdc.2012.6425899 (DOI)000327200403119 ()2-s2.0-84874227010 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)
Note

QC 20220608

Available from: 2021-11-08 Created: 2021-11-08 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
3. Hybrid Control of Long-Endurance Aerial Robotic Vehicles for Wireless Sensor Networks
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hybrid Control of Long-Endurance Aerial Robotic Vehicles for Wireless Sensor Networks
2011 (English)In: International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, ISSN 1729-8806, E-ISSN 1729-8814, Vol. 8, no 2, p. 24-24Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science Applications, Software
National Category
Robotics and automation Telecommunications Aerospace Engineering Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304587 (URN)10.5772/10577 (DOI)2-s2.0-79958740797 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20211123

Available from: 2021-11-08 Created: 2021-11-08 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
4. Extending Endurance for Small UAVs by Predicting and Searching for Thermal Updrafts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Extending Endurance for Small UAVs by Predicting and Searching for Thermal Updrafts
2009 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
washington: Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI), 2009
National Category
Robotics and automation Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304591 (URN)
Conference
Unmanned Systems North America, Washington DC
Note

Part of proceedings: ISBN 978-1-61567-580-7, QC 20211123

Available from: 2021-11-08 Created: 2021-11-08 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
5. Cooperating UAVs Using Thermal Lift to Extend Endurance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cooperating UAVs Using Thermal Lift to Extend Endurance
Show others...
2009 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009
National Category
Robotics and automation Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304592 (URN)10.2514/6.2009-2043 (DOI)
Conference
AIAA Infotech@Aerospace Conference
Note

QC 20211123

Available from: 2021-11-08 Created: 2021-11-08 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved

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