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Peak Shear Strength of Rock Joints – Towards a Methodology for Prediction Based on Field Data
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8621-694X
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The rock joint shear strength at field scale is an important design parameter and remains a challenge for rock mechanics engineers. In Sweden, there exist a large number of concrete dams that are founded on rock masses which in many cases contain sub-horizontal rock joints. The action of water pressure and uplift forces makes sliding along these sub-horizontal rock joints one of the most critical failure mechanisms to be considered in a dam’s safety evaluation. Despite the various attempts to develop empirical, analytical, and numerical methods in recent decades, the uncertainty in the prediction of the peak shear strength of rock joints is still significant. None of the existing methods today fully capture the complex interaction between all the relevant parameters.

The overall aim of this research project is to develop a methodology for the prediction of the peak shear strength of rock joints in cases where the whole joint surface is not accessible, such as the foundation under an existing concrete dam. To accomplish this, the prediction of rock joint peak shear strength was studied (1) numerically using discrete element method (DEM), (2) analytically by developing a peak shear strength criterion, and (3) experimentally by characterising the surface roughness and aperture of the tested samples based on high-resolution scanning prior to the direct shear tests.

The results of the numerical study showed that the shear test environment in PFC2D used in this project has the capability of simulating the peak shear strength of actual rock joints both qualitatively, and quantitatively. However, a 3D approach is needed to overcome the limitations of the 2D approach, and to realistically simulate the interaction between the asperities in contact during shearing.

The results of the analytical study showed that the matedness between the contact surfaces of natural, unfilled rock joints needs to be accounted for when predicting their peak shear strength. In this study, the matedness of the tested natural, unfilled rock joints was estimated based on measurements of the aperture between their contact surfaces. The relationship between matedness and joint surface aperture was integrated in a further developed peak shear strength criterion. Furthermore, the performed investigations on two large-size rock joint samples showed that their peak shear strength can be reasonably well predicted based on information from several small-size samples, such as drill cores. In this work, the drill cores were simulated based on the scanning measurements of the joint surfaces at large size. The measured 3D roughness and aperture in each simulated drill core was used to predict their respective peak shear strength by applying the further developed peak shear strength criterion. Each simulated drill core was considered as an independent component of a parallel system. The peak shear strength of the large-size samples was predicted based on the mean value of the predicted peak shear strength of the small-size samples, including the statistical uncertainty due to the number of small-size samples used in the prediction. The main benefit of this approach is that it may enable prediction of the peak shear strength of large natural, unfilled rock joints under conditions of difficult access, such as a sub-horizontal rock joint under a concrete dam. The developed methodology has only been tested on two large-size samples and further research is necessary to verify its applicability.

Abstract [sv]

Bergssprickors skjuvhållfasthet i fältskala är en viktig parameter vid bergmekanisk dimensionering och en utmaning för ingenjörer i bergmekanik. Ett exempel på konstruktioner vars stabilitet kan vara beroende av denna parameter är betongdammar. I Sverige finns ett sort antal betongdammar grundlagda på berg, där bergmassan i flera fall genomkorsas av sub-horisontella sprickaplan. Inverkan från det horisontella vattentrycket i kombination med upptryck innebär att glidning längs de subhorisontella sprickplanen utgör en kritisk brottmekanism som måste beaktas när dammarnas säkerhet utvärderas. Trots olika försök under de senaste åren för att utveckla empiriska, analytiska, och numeriska metoder för att prediktera bergssprickors skjuvhållfasthet är osäkerheten i dessa metoder fortfarande stor. Ingen av de befintliga metoderna tar idag hänsyn till samtliga parametrar, och hur de samverkar, för att mobilisera en sprickas skjuvhållfasthet.

Det övergripande syftet med detta doktorandprojekt är att utveckla en metodik för bestämning av bergssprickors skjuvhållfasthet i fall där hela sprickytan inte är tillgänglig, såsom en bergspricka belägen under en befintlig betongdamm. För att uppnå detta har skjuvhållfastheten för bergsprickor studerats (1) numeriskt med diskret element modellering (DEM), (2) analytiskt genom att utveckla ett brottkriterium, och (3) experimentiellt genom att utföra direkta skjuvförsök där sprickytorna karaktäriserats med högupplöst optisk scanning.

Resultaten från den numeriska studien visade att den utvecklade skjuvmiljön i PFC2D som använts i detta projekt kan simulera skjuvhållfasthet för verkliga bergssprickor både kvalitativt och kvantitativt. Resultaten visar dock att en skjuvmiljö i 3D som realistiskt kan simulera samverkan mellan de olicka klackarna i kontakt under skjuvning är nödvandigt att utveckla i framtida projekt.

Resultaten från den analytiska studien visade att passningen för naturliga, ofyllda sprickor behöver beaktas för att prediktera dess hållfasthet. I denna studie har sprickans passning uppskattats baserad på mätningar av sprickvidden. Förhållande mellan sprickans passning och sprickvidd har integrerats i ett vidareutveckalt kriterium. De utförda arbetena i laboratorium med två större bergprover visade att deras skjuvhållfasthet kan predikteras med acceptabla resultat baserad på information från flera prov i mindre storlek, såsom borrkärnor. Borrkänorna i denna studie simulerades baserat på utförd skanning av sprickytorna. Den uppmätta sprickvidden och sprickråheten i 3D för varje simulerad borrkärna användes för att prediktera deras skjuvhållfasthet med det vidareutvecklade kriteriet. Varje enskild borrkärna tagen från det storskaliga provet betraktades som en oberoende komponent i ett paralellsystem. Skjuvhållfastheten för de två storskaliga proverna predikterades genom att beräkna medelvärdet för skjuvhållfastheten för de mindre simulerade borrkärnorna. Den främsta nyttan med denna metodik är att den kan utgöra en möjlig väg framåt för att prediktera skjuvhållfastheten för bergssprickor i fall där sprickytan inte är helt tillgänglig, såsom en subhorisontell spricka belägen under en betongdamm. Metodiken har än så länge enbart testats på två större provkroppar och ytterligare forskning är nödvändig för att säkerställa dess tillämpbarhet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 88
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2218
Keywords [en]
Rock joints, peak shear strength, DEM, matedness, aperture
Keywords [sv]
Bergssprickor, skjuvhållfasthet, DEM, sprickans passning, sprickvidd
National Category
Engineering and Technology Civil Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311775ISBN: 978-91-8040-217-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311775DiVA, id: diva2:1655753
Public defence
2022-06-08, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Videolänk: https://kth-se.zoom.us/i/65221595411, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC220510

Available from: 2022-05-10 Created: 2022-05-03 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Comparison between shear strength based on Barton’s roughness profiles and equivalent synthetic profiles based on fractal theory
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparison between shear strength based on Barton’s roughness profiles and equivalent synthetic profiles based on fractal theory
2018 (English)In: 52nd U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA) , 2018Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A comprehensive understanding of the shear strength and the mechanical behavior of rock joints is to some extent still missing today. Several attempts have been made to develop empirical and analytical shear strength criteria that explain this mechanism. One of the most important parameters governing the shear strength of rock fractures is the surface roughness, which is generally determined using the Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC). This parameter is often determined subjectively in the field by comparison with 10 predefined roughness profiles. Recent studies indicate that surface roughness can be accurately represented by using fractal analysis. The aim of this study is to perform a first attempt to investigate the mechanical equivalence in terms of the peak shear strength between synthetic rock fractures, where the surface roughness has been generated using fractal theory, and standard roughness profiles from Barton and Choubey, 1977, using the particle flow code PFC2D. The results from the numerical shear tests under constant normal load (CNL) are compared with the predicted peak shear strength using Barton’s criterion and a back-calculation of the JRC value is carried out.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA), 2018
Keywords
Fractals, Rock mechanics, Rocks, Shear flow, Back calculation, Fractal analysis, Fractal theory, Joint roughness coefficients, Mechanical behavior, Particle flow code, Peak shear strength, Strength criteria, Surface roughness
National Category
Earth Observation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236439 (URN)2-s2.0-85053478312 (Scopus ID)
Conference
52nd U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, 17 June 2018 through 20 June 2018, Seattle, WA, USA
Note

QC 20181025

Available from: 2018-10-25 Created: 2018-10-25 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved
2. Using PFC2D to Simulate the Shear Behaviour of Joints in Hard Crystalline Rock
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using PFC2D to Simulate the Shear Behaviour of Joints in Hard Crystalline Rock
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Civil Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311771 (URN)
Note

QC 20220530

Available from: 2022-05-03 Created: 2022-05-03 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
3. Prediction of Peak Shear Strength of Natural, Unfilled Rock Joints Accounting for Matedness Based on Measured Aperture
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prediction of Peak Shear Strength of Natural, Unfilled Rock Joints Accounting for Matedness Based on Measured Aperture
2021 (English)In: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, ISSN 0723-2632, E-ISSN 1434-453X, Vol. 54, no 3, p. 1533-1550Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The mechanical behaviour of natural, unfilled rock joints is influenced by the interaction between surface roughness and matedness of the contact surfaces. In the field, natural rock joints normally exhibit a mismatch between the contact surfaces, mainly due to different geological processes such as weathering or deformations. Various attempts have been made to estimate how matedness of rock joints influences their peak shear strength. However, the proposed methodologies imply certain difficulties since they are intended to estimate the matedness of rock joints based mainly on visual inspection, and by relating an initial shear displacement to the length of the analysed sample or by relating the opening of saw-tooth and two-dimensional joint profiles with the degree of interlocking. Therefore, a tested peak shear strength criterion for natural, unfilled rock joints that realistically accounts for the influence of matedness on their peak shear strength is still lacking. This paper presents a methodology where objective measurements of the average aperture of natural, unfilled rock joints are used to estimate their matedness as a step in the prediction of the peak shear strength. This measured average aperture is based on high-resolution optical scanning of the surface roughness. The proposed relationship between measured average aperture and matedness of natural rock joints has been included in a further developed peak shear strength criterion. The verification against ten natural rock joint samples of coarse-grained granite showed that the revised criterion can predict the peak shear strength considering rock joint matedness.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2021
Keywords
Natural rock joints, Peak shear strength, Rock joint aperture, Rock joint matedness, Forecasting, Rocks, Surface roughness, Contact surface, Geological process, High resolution, Mechanical behaviour, Objective measurement, Shear displacement, Visual inspection, Weathering, displacement, fracture aperture, joint, mechanical property, prediction, rock mechanics, shear strength
National Category
Other Civil Engineering Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292776 (URN)10.1007/s00603-020-02340-8 (DOI)000605111300001 ()2-s2.0-85099042169 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210423

Available from: 2021-04-23 Created: 2021-04-23 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
4. The importance of accounting for matedness when predicting the peak shear strength of rock joints
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The importance of accounting for matedness when predicting the peak shear strength of rock joints
2021 (English)In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing , 2021, Vol. 833, no 1, p. 012017-Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The contribution from both surface roughness and matedness in the peak shear strength of rock joints is not yet well understood. To be able to account for the influence of matedness on the peak shear strength of rock joints, both surface roughness and aperture need to be considered. Technical developments over the past few decades have shown that both surface roughness and aperture can be accurately measured using optical scanning. This technique has been utilized to account for surface roughness parameters in various shear strength criteria that assume a perfect match between joint surfaces. This paper investigates and compares the capabilities of two shear strength criteria to predict the peak shear strength of rock joints with different matedness. The analysis performed shows that both approaches have their strengths and limitations. For instance, accounting for the matedness of unmated rock joints based on their surface aperture gives better predictions of the peak shear strength. On the other hand, accounting for shearing failure mode becomes relevant at high normal loads. A possible way forward to reduce the limitations of these criteria could be to combine their strengths.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IOP Publishing, 2021
National Category
Other Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311753 (URN)10.1088/1755-1315/833/1/012017 (DOI)2-s2.0-85115200402 (Scopus ID)
Conference
EUROCK 2021 Conference on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering from Theory to Practice, 20-25 September 2021, Turin, Virtual.
Note

QC 20220504

Available from: 2022-05-04 Created: 2022-05-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
5. Peak Shear Strength of Natural, Unfilled Rock Joints in the Field Based on Data From Drill Cores – A Conceptual Study Based on Large Laboratory Shear Tests
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Peak Shear Strength of Natural, Unfilled Rock Joints in the Field Based on Data From Drill Cores – A Conceptual Study Based on Large Laboratory Shear Tests
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Civil Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311772 (URN)
Note

QC 20220520

Available from: 2022-05-03 Created: 2022-05-03 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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