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Reaction force exposure for tightening tool users: A psychophysical based experimental study of electric right-angle nutrunners
Dept Biomed Engn & Hlth Syst, Div Ergon, Halsovagen 11C, S-14157 Huddinge, Sweden.;Atlas Copco Ind Tech AB, Sickla Industrivag 19, S-10523 Stockholm, Sweden..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Ergonomics. Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5777-4232
Atlas Copco Ind Tech AB, Sickla Industrivag 19, S-10523 Stockholm, Sweden..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Ergonomics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7565-854X
2022 (English)In: Applied Ergonomics, ISSN 0003-6870, E-ISSN 1872-9126, Vol. 103, article id 103776Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Reaction forces from nutrunner tools constitute a risk of developing MSDs. However, recommendations for sustainable reaction force levels are lacking. The aim of this study was to inform recommendations regarding reaction load exposures from right-angle nutrunners. Through a psychophysics approach, experienced assembly workers subjectively assessed reaction loads when using a nutrunner in six combinations of tool tightening strategy, work-pace and screw-joint stiffness. Electromyography, tool and joint parameters were measured. Regardless of tightening strategy, joint stiffness and work-pace combinations, no large differences in acceptable tightening torque, peak reaction force, and handle displacement were observed. However, acceptable jerk and impulse differed substantially between the TurboTight (R) (high-acceleration) and QuickStep (R) (conventional) tightening strategies. Although the TurboTight (R) strategy overall showed reduced peak muscular activities compared to the QuickStep (R), the participant-rated acceptable torque levels were similar, plausibly due to TurboTights' high jerk levels. Jerk and impulse are hypothesized to influence the perception of reaction loads.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2022. Vol. 103, article id 103776
Keywords [en]
Assembly work, Power tools, Electromyography, Ergonomics assessment
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-313732DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103776ISI: 000799850200010PubMedID: 35483120Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129792028OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-313732DiVA, id: diva2:1667425
Note

QC 20220610

Available from: 2022-06-10 Created: 2022-06-10 Last updated: 2023-09-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Beyond the Force: Redefining load exposure assessments of nutrunners for improved power tool ergonomics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond the Force: Redefining load exposure assessments of nutrunners for improved power tool ergonomics
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Reaction force exposure from handheld tightening tools (also known as nutrunners) constitutes an acknowledged contributor to musculoskeletal disorders among assembly operators, and are today not regulated by explicit limits. The research presented in this thesis aimed at contributing to the development of recommended exposure limits for, and assessments of, reaction loads from handheld right-angle and pistol-grip tightening tools.

In order to address the thesis objectives, four research studies were conducted. A literature review was conducted to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge within the topic area. Knowledge gaps were identified by mapping available publications and based on those suggesting directions for further research. Thereafter, two psychophysically based experimental studies were conducted where acceptability limits related to load exposure from handheld tightening tools were derived for right-angle and pistol-grip tightening tools. Finally, an automotive manufacturer’s approach to evaluating and managing the use of handheld tightening tools was outlined by means of an interview study.

As found through the literature review, four of the forty included publications had stated exposure limits (general recommendations) or acceptability limits (load acceptance as assessed by study participants) for reaction load exposure from handheld tightening tools. However, some of the reported limits did not consider relevant physical parameters, and some did not comply with modern power tool technologies. Based on this, it was suggested that researchers should emphasize physical quantities relevant to the reaction load such as impulse, express exposure limits in terms of reaction load relevant parameters (and not only the tightening torque), and further study modern power tool technologies.

The experimental studies resulted in acceptability limits for right-angle and pistol-grip tightening tools expressed as screw-joint tightening torque (i.e. a task-related factor), where acceptable tightening torque limits were higher for the inertia-controlled tightening program compared to the continuous drive tightening program, in both studies. In addition, corresponding acceptable reaction load levels (i.e. the exposure) were derived, indicating load levels resulting from the tool use that the study participants assessed as acceptable for an 8-hour workday. It should be noted that the experimental times on which the acceptability limits are based were limited, and that the acceptability limits therefore should not be prescribed to full workdays.

From the interview study, three main topic categories were identified based on the interviewees’ responses: ‘A holistic approach’, ‘Information and knowledge availability’ and ‘Negotiating criteria’. Within the studied automotive organization, a comprehensive approach to ergonomics assessments is incorporate, where both objective and subjective evaluations form the basis for addressing physically demanding tool use situations. Further, it was found that there are different instances where the employees lack sufficient knowledge related to the tools, and which can influence the employment of handheld tightening tools. In addition, it was found that criteria such as safety and quality could in some situations compete with ergonomics efforts. 

In conclusion, the findings from this thesis can contribute to the development of recommended exposure limits and evaluation methods for reaction load exposure from handheld tightening tools. Policymakers could utilize the insights presented in this thesis to form general guidelines directed at power tool manufacturers as well as tool using organizations. Through standardized guidelines, reaction loads from handheld tightening tools, which is one of the contributors to MSDs within assembly work, can be managed and reduced. 

Abstract [sv]

Kraftexponering från handhållna åtdragningsverktyg (även kallade mutterdragare) bidrar till belastningsskador bland montörer, och är idag inte reglerade med explicita exponeringsgränser. Syftet med avhandlingen var att bidra till ett underlag för utveckling av rekommenderade exponeringsgränser för, och utvärdering av, reaktionskrafter från handhållna åtdragningsverktyg (vinkeldragare och pistolverktyg).

Fyra forskningsstudier har genomförts inom ramen för denna avhandling. Först genomfördes en literaturstudie där kunskapsläget inom ämnesområdet sammanställdes och kunskapsluckor identifierades. Baserat på utfallen föreslogs riktning för fortsatt forskning. Sedan genomfördes två experiementella studier baserade på psykofysiska metoder där acceptansgränser relaterade till reaktionskraftsbelastning härleddes för både vinkelverktyg och pistolverktyg. Slutligen undersöktes en fordonstillverkares tillvägagångssätt vid utvärdering av handhållna åtdragningsverktyg via en intervjustudie.

Genom literaturstudien framkom att fyra av det 40 inkluderade publikationerna hade uttryckt exponeringsgränser eller acceptansgränser för reaktionskraftsexponering från handhållna åtdragningsverktyg. Genom granskning av publikationerna konstaterades att gränsvärderna av olika anledningar vara otillräckliga. Baserat på de identifierade behoven föreslogs det att man inom vidare forskning bör fokusera mer på de mindre undersökta fysikaliska parametrar som är relevanta för reaktionskraftsexponeringen, så som impuls, samt att exponeringsgränser bör uttryckas i termer av exponeringen i sig och inte enbart i termer av åtdragningsmoment (dvs. moment i skruvförbandet). Dessutom föreslogs att moderna verktyg bör studeras vidare då de teknologiskt skiljer sig från traditionella luftdrivna åtdragningsverktyg.

De experimentella studierna resulterade i acceptansgränser för vinkelverktyg samt pistolverktyg uttryckta i åtdragninsmoment, där de accepterade momentnivåerna var högre för det ”tröghets-kontrollerade” åtdragningsprogrammet än det ”segdragande” åtdragningsprogrammet i båda studierna. Dessutom härleddes motsvarande reaktionskraftsnivåer (dvs. exponeringen från verktyget). Acceptansgränserna speglade de belastningsnivåer som studiedeltagarna bedömde vara acceptabla med avseende på hållbar arbetsbelastning över en arbetsdag. Det bör påpekas att de experimenttider som ligger till grund för de framtagna acceptansgränserna var korta och att acceptansgränserna därför inte bör tillämpas på hela arbetsdagar. 

Genom intervjustudien konstruerades tre övergripande teman baserade på intervjuerna med studiedeltagarna: ”Ett holistisk tillvägagångssätt”, ”Informations- och kunskaptillgång”, och ”Förhandlingskriterier”. Inom den studerade organisationen tillämpas en ergonomiutvärdering där både objektiva och subjektiva utvärderingar ligger till grund för beslut kring fysiskt belastande användning av handhållna verktyg. Vidare uppmärksammades att det förekommer ett flertal tillfällen där de anställda saknar adekvat kunskap kring handhållna verktyg, och att detta i sin tur kan påverka vilka och hur verktyg  används. Dessutom noterades att kriterier som säkerhet och kvalitet i vissa situationer kan hamna i konkurens med ergonomiinsatser. 

Resultaten från den här avhandlingen kan bidra till att utveckla rekommenderade exponeringsgränser och utvärderingsmetoder för reaktionskrafter från handhållna åtdragningsverktyg. Beslutsfattare kan nyttja de insikter som presenteras i denna avhandling till att utforma riktlinjer riktade till både verktygstillverkare, och till de organisationer inom vilka handhållna verktyg frekvent används. Genom standardiserade riktlinjer kan reaktionskrafter, samt exponeringen för reaktionskrafter från handhållna åtdragningsverktyg reduceras. Därmed bör avhandlingen på sikt kunna bidra till en minskad förekomst av belastningsskador orsakade av monteringsarbete. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 77
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:38
Keywords
Power Tools, Nutrunners, Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, Risk Assessment, Load Exposure, Assembly Work, Monteringsverktyg, Mutterdragare, Arbetsrelaterade Muskuloskeletala Besvär, Riskbedömning, Belastningsexponering, Monteringsarbete
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Research subject
Technology and Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335989 (URN)978-91-8040-696-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-06, Emmy Rappesalen (room T1), Hälsovägen 11C, Huddinge, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funded by Atlas Copco Industrial Technique AB

QC 2023-09-11

Available from: 2023-09-11 Created: 2023-09-11 Last updated: 2023-09-19Bibliographically approved

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Mazaheri, AvaForsman, MikaelRose, Linda

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