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Fault location in resonant earthed medium voltage distribution systems
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering. Swedish Energy Agency (SWEGRIDS).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2182-9067
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A major challenge in electric distribution systems is to increase the reliability of the electricity supply in an economical way. At the final medium-voltage level in the system, such as 10 kV or 20 kV, a single feeder may supply tens of medium/low-voltage transformers and hundreds of customers, with many branches of lines and cables where faults can occur. Resonant earthing is often used for these networks in Sweden, enabling earth-fault currents to be kept at low levels such as 10 A. This brings some advantages with safety and with avoidance of supply disruption during transient faults. However, the low fault currents, much less than typical load currents, make it hard to locate faults. In some countries, this type of system could be operated while an earth fault is traced, or a lower-impedance could be switched into the system earthing to increase the fault current to a clearer level. In Sweden, the legal safety requirements in most types of medium voltage networks require prompt disconnection of earth faults, which means that a single earth fault anywhere in an extensive medium voltage network can cause an outage for all customers on its feeder or section until it is located and repaired. Several approaches have been taken by network companies to reduce these outage times and thereby increase supply reliability.  

The focus of this thesis is to develop methods for determining where a fault is, in order to speed up both the repair process and any switching operations that can restore supply to customers outside the faulty section. Such methods include true fault location (FL), which gives an estimated distance to a fault, and fault-passage indication (FPI), which tells whether a fault is detected downstream of a particular point. A comparison of FL and FPI is made, showing that classic central FL needs an accuracy beyond what is currently available, if it is to give a better improvement in supply reliability than a small number of well-placed FPI units. Three algorithms suitable for FPIs are proposed in this thesis that use only current measurements from different parts of the network to identify the faulty section. One of the methods is based on the information from the phase angles of the healthy phases relative to the faulty phase. It shows good results for under-compensated and high load conditions but struggles for feeders with high charging currents. The next method uses incremental phase currents and shows promising results for over-compensated cases but unreliable results for under-compensated cases. The third method uses the zero sequence current magnitude and the location information of the measurements. It shows good results for the homogeneous feeders in both over- or under-compensated cases. A method for estimating the fault distance using multiple measurements from the network is also presented and tested. Its main trouble is its sensitivity to the fault resistance.

Abstract [sv]

En stor utmaning i eldistributionssystem är att förbättra tillförlitligheten i elförsörj\-ningen på ett ekonomiskt sätt. Vid systemets lägsta mellanspännings\-nivåer, såsom 10 kV eller 20 kV, kan en ledning försörja hundratals nätkunder genom tiotals nätstationer, med många nätgrenar av ledningar och kablar där fel kan uppstå. Spoljordning används ofta för sådana nät i Sverige, vilket gör att jordfelsströmmar kan hållas på låga nivåer som 10 A. Detta medför vissa fördelar med säkerhet och med undvikande strömavbrott vid övergående fel. De låga strömmarna, mycket mindre än vanliga belastningsströmmar, gör det dock svårt att lokalisera fel. I vissa länder kan sådana system användas samtidigt som ett jordfel spåras, eller en lägre jordningimpedans kan kopplas in för att ge en tydligare felström. I Sverige finns krav av elsäkerhetsskäl att jordfel  i de flesta typer av mellanspänningsnät ska bortkopplas utan fortsatt drift, vilket innebär att ett enstaka jordfel i ett omfattande mellanspänningsnät kan orsaka avbrott för alla kunder innan felet lokaliseras och repareras. Flera tillvägagångssätt har vidtagits av nätföretag för att minska dessa avbrottstider och därmed öka leveranssäkerheten.

Fokus för detta arbete är att utveckla metoder för att fastställa var ett fel finns, för att påskynda både reparationsprocessen och eventuella nät\-omkopp\-lingar som kan återställa försörjningen till kunder utanför sektionen där elfelet inträffar. Sådana metoder inkluderar sann fellokalisering (FL), som ger ett uppskattat avstånd till ett fel, samt felpassageindikation (FPI), som ger ett ja/nej svar angående om felet detekterades nedströms om FPI-enheten. En jämförelse mellan FL och FPI görs, från vilken en nyckelresultat är att klassisk central FL behöver en noggrannhet utöver vad som finns tillgängligt för närvarande om det ska ge en bättre förbättring av leveranssäkerheten än ett fåtal välplacerade FPI-enheter. Tre algoritmer lämpliga för FPI:er föreslås, som använder endast strömmätningar från olika delar av nätverket för att identifiera den felaktiga sektionen. En av metoderna är baserad på informationen från de andra fasernas fasvinklar i förhållande till den felaktiga fasen. Den visar goda resultat för underkompenserade nät och även under höga belastningsförhållanden, fast inte vid höga laddningsströmmar som kan finnas i  kabelnät. En annan metod använder inkrementella fasströmmar och visar lovande resultat för överkompenserade nätverk men inte för underkompenserade fall. Den tredje metoden använder magnituden av nollsekvensströmmen vid mätstället. Den visar bra resultat för homogena nät i både över- och underkompenserade fall. En fellokaliseringsmetod som använder mätningar från flera ställen i nätverket presenteras och testas också. Dess största problem är dess känslighet för högre motstånd vid felet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. v, 61
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2022:76
Keywords [en]
Electrical distribution, Distribution network, Reliability, SAIDI, Fault location, FL, Fault passage indicator, FPI, Compensated neutral, Resonant earthing, Resonant grounding, Petersen coil, Arc suppression coil.
Keywords [sv]
Distributionsnät, Tillförlitlighet, Fellokalisering, FL, Felpassageindikation, FPI, Kompenserat nät, Spoljordat nät, Petersenspole.
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321739ISBN: 978-91-8040-434-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-321739DiVA, id: diva2:1712816
Public defence
2022-12-16, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68432985723, D2, Lindstedtsvägen 9, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20221123

Available from: 2022-11-23 Created: 2022-11-22 Last updated: 2023-02-27Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A Current-based Solution for Earth-fault Location in Resonant-earthed Medium-voltage Distribution Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Current-based Solution for Earth-fault Location in Resonant-earthed Medium-voltage Distribution Systems
2020 (English)In: IET Conference Publications, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes a novel approach to locate earth-faults in resonant-earthed distribution systems. It uses the fundamental-frequency current measurements to determine the direction of the fault current and thereby to locate the faulted section. It sets the current-angle of the faulty phase as the reference for measuring the angles of the remaining two phase-currents. These three phasor quantities are then processed to determine the direction of the fault from the measurement point. The proposed method requires an adequate resistive current from the neutral for successfully determining the faulted section. The validity of the method has been tested by PSCAD simulations for a small-scale overhead distribution system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Liverpool, United Kingdom: , 2020
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287566 (URN)10.1049/cp.2020.0142 (DOI)2-s2.0-85107372130 (Scopus ID)
Conference
15th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, DPSP 2020, Liverpool, 9 March 2020 - 12 March 2020
Funder
SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, CP23
Note

QC 20210909

Available from: 2020-12-15 Created: 2020-12-15 Last updated: 2022-11-22Bibliographically approved
2. Impact of the fault location methods on SAIDI of a resonant-earthed distribution system
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of the fault location methods on SAIDI of a resonant-earthed distribution system
2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Systems Technology, POWERCON 2020, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Reliability indices of a distribution system can be improved by reducing failure rate and restoration time. A resonant-earthed distribution system has a low failure rate because numerous transient faults become self-extinguishing. However, in such networks, it can be difficult and time-consuming to locate nontransient faults resulting in aggravating the restoration time. This paper analyzes how different fault location methods affect the restoration time and SAIDI. Two major fault location methods are modeled for the calculation of the reliability indices and then applied to a radial feeder of a medium-voltage distribution system. The results show that SAIDI varies depending on the applied fault location method and its accuracy. The influence of fault location methods on labour costs is also discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020
Keywords
Fault location, Resonant-earthed distribution, System average interruption duration index (SAIDI), System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI), Failure analysis, Outages, Restoration, Wages, Distribution systems, Location method, Medium-voltage distribution systems, Radial feeder, Reliability Index, Restoration time, Self-extinguishing, Transient faults, Location
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291283 (URN)10.1109/POWERCON48463.2020.9230614 (DOI)2-s2.0-85096356351 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Systems Technology, POWERCON 2020, 14 September 2020 through 16 September 2020
Note

QC 20230307

Available from: 2021-03-23 Created: 2021-03-23 Last updated: 2023-03-07Bibliographically approved
3. Distributed fault-passage indicators versus central fault location: comparison for reliability centered planning of resonant-earthed distribution systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Distributed fault-passage indicators versus central fault location: comparison for reliability centered planning of resonant-earthed distribution systems
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Fault location methods are crucial for reducing fault restoration time, and thus improving a network's system average interruption duration index (SAIDI) and customer outage cost. Resonant-earthed systems pose problems for traditional fault location methods, leading to poor accuracy and a need for additional complexity. In this context, methods that detect fault direction (fault-passage indicators, FPI) at multiple points in the network may show advantages over a central distance-estimation method using fault locators (FL) of poor accuracy. This paper includes a comparative study of these two major fault location methods, comparing the reliability benefit from a varied number of FPIs or a central method. The optimal placement of the fault locating devices is found by formulating a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization approach that minimizes both outage and investment costs and assesses SAIDI. This approach has been tested on an example distribution system. However, to justify the universality of the algorithm, the RBTS reliability test system has also been analysed. The comparison of location methods and placement method of FPIs are useful for reliability centred planning of resonant-earthed distribution systems where fault location is to be used. Results show that a small number of FPIs that give accurate identification of direction may give more cost effective increase in reliability than a distance estimate by FL with typical levels of inaccuracy.

Keywords
Fault location methods, Distribution system planning, Resonant-earthed system, SAIDI, Mixed-integer programming
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321731 (URN)
Funder
SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, CP23
Note

QC 20230221

Available from: 2022-11-22 Created: 2022-11-22 Last updated: 2023-02-21Bibliographically approved
4. Incremental Phase-Current Based Fault Passage Indication for Earth Faults in Resonant Earthed Networks
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Incremental Phase-Current Based Fault Passage Indication for Earth Faults in Resonant Earthed Networks
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We propose a current-based method for fault passage indication of earth faults in resonant-earthed networks. This type of network is commonly found in electricity distribution systems at medium-voltage levels. The proposed method is based on the magnitude of the changes in the phase currents due to the fault, and can therefore be implemented using just current sensors. It is implemented in MATLAB and tested on data from simulations in PSCAD for various network types and operation configurations. In over-compensated networks the method shows reliable detection of the fault passage, with good selectivity and sensitivity for both homogeneous and mixed (cable and overhead line) feeders. However, for under-compensated systems it has limitations that are described further in this study. The method has good potential for being cost-effective since it requires only current measurements, from a single location, at a moderate sampling rate.

Keywords
Fault location; Fault passage indication; FPI; Resonant earthed; Resonant grounded; Compensated neutral; Petersen coil; Arc-Suppression Coil; Earth fault; Ground fault; Medium voltage
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321734 (URN)
Funder
SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, CP23
Note

QC 20221129

Available from: 2022-11-22 Created: 2022-11-22 Last updated: 2022-11-29Bibliographically approved

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