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Ethanol tolerance of Clostridium thermocellum: the role of chaotropicity, temperature and pathway thermodynamics on growth and fermentative capacity
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7590-2752
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1347-7978
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology. Otto Guericke Univ Magdeburg, Max Plank Inst Dynam Complex Tech Syst, Magdeburg, Germany..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2587-3129
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2022 (English)In: Microbial Cell Factories, E-ISSN 1475-2859, Vol. 21, no 1, article id 273Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BackgroundClostridium thermocellum is a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. The low ethanol tolerance of this microorganism is one of the remaining obstacles to industrial implementation. Ethanol inhibition can be caused by end-product inhibition and/or chaotropic-induced stress resulting in increased membrane fluidization and disruption of macromolecules. The highly reversible glycolysis of C. thermocellum might be especially sensitive to end-product inhibition. The chaotropic effect of ethanol is known to increase with temperature. This study explores the relative contributions of these two aspects to investigate and possibly mitigate ethanol-induced stress in growing and non-growing C. thermocellum cultures.ResultsTo separate chaotropic from thermodynamic effects of ethanol toxicity, a non-ethanol producing strain AVM062 (P-clo1313_2638::ldh* adhE) was constructed by deleting the bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase gene, adhE, in a lactate-overproducing strain. Exogenously added ethanol lowered the growth rate of both wild-type and the non-ethanol producing mutant. The mutant strain grew quicker than the wild-type at 50 and 55 degrees C for ethanol concentrations >= 10 g L-1 and was able to reach higher maximum OD600 at all ethanol concentrations and temperatures. For the wild-type, the maximum OD600 and relative growth rates were higher at 45 and 50 degrees C, compared to 55 degrees C, for ethanol concentrations >= 15 g L-1. For the mutant strain, no positive effect on growth was observed at lower temperatures. Growth-arrested cells of the wild-type demonstrated improved fermentative capacity over time in the presence of ethanol concentrations up to 40 g L-1 at 45 and 50 degrees C compared to 55 degrees C.ConclusionPositive effects of temperature on ethanol tolerance were limited to wild-type C. thermocellum and are likely related to mechanisms involved in the ethanol-formation pathway and redox cofactor balancing. Lowering the cultivation temperature provides an attractive strategy to improve growth and fermentative capacity at high ethanol titres in high-cellulose loading batch cultivations. Finally, non-ethanol producing strains are useful platform strains to study the effects of chaotropicity and thermodynamics related to ethanol toxicity and allow for deeper understanding of growth and/or fermentation cessation under industrially relevant conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2022. Vol. 21, no 1, article id 273
Keywords [en]
Clostridium thermocellum, Acetivibrio thermocellus, Chaotropicity, Ethanol tolerance, Temperature, Growth-arrest, adhE
National Category
Industrial Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323222DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01999-8ISI: 000903812300001PubMedID: 36567317Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85144636679OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-323222DiVA, id: diva2:1730716
Note

QC 20230125

Available from: 2023-01-25 Created: 2023-01-25 Last updated: 2024-07-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Analysis and engineering of central metabolism in Clostridium thermocellum
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis and engineering of central metabolism in Clostridium thermocellum
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To mitigate climate change, greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to net-zero in 2050 requiring a drastic transition in today´s energy sector. To achieve this goal, the use of biofuels produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks, including agricultural and forestry residues, is expected to play an important role. The native ability of the anaerobic thermophile Clostridium thermocellum to efficiently degrade lignocellulose makes this microorganism a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic feedstocks into the biofuel ethanol. However, improvements in ethanol yield, titre, and tolerance are required for industrial implementation. The aim of this thesis was to increase understanding of the central metabolism of C. thermocellum and thereby aid future metabolic engineering and process optimization efforts focused on improving ethanol production from lignocellulosic material. 

The atypical glycolysis of C. thermocellum uses pyrophosphate (PPi) instead of ATP as phosphoryl donor. This alteration is hypothesized to increase energetic efficiency but simultaneously decrease thermodynamic driving force resulting in lower achievable ethanol titres. As such, improved understanding of the PPi metabolism has both fundamental and applied importance. Knockout studies combined with physiological characterization of four predicted metabolic PPi sources provided valuable insights into the PPi metabolism and demonstrated that the energetic benefits of PPi usage are likely limited. Furthermore, biochemical characterization of the ATP-Pfk from C. thermocellum and other bacteria demonstrated that PPi might be a key allosteric regulator in bacteria with a PPi-dependent glycolysis. 

The low thermodynamic driving force of the ethanol formation pathway combined with a flexible redox network are key factors that impact ethanol titre, yield, and tolerance in C. thermocellum. Apart from dominant thermodynamic limitations, physiological characterization of wild-type and a non-ethanol producing mutant at various exogenous ethanol concentrations and temperatures demonstrated that biophysical limitations also impact ethanol tolerance. Lowering the cultivation temperature decreased chaotropic effects of ethanol and improved ethanol tolerance. 

By-product formation and incomplete substrate utilization decrease obtained ethanol yields. To minimize formation of one specific class of by-products, the mechanism behind amino acid secretion in C. thermocellum was investigated. Cellobiose- or ammonium-limited chemostats of wild-type and knockout strains of NADPH-supplying and NADPH-consuming pathways identified catabolic oversupply of NADPH as the main driver behind amino acid secretion. The malate shunt and the ammonium-regulated shift between nitrogen assimilation pathways with differing cofactor specificities were shown to play key roles in NADPH metabolism and amino acid secretion. 

To improve substrate utilization, laboratory evolution combined with reverse metabolic engineering was used as a tool to provide insights into increased utilization of glucose and fructose. Reproducible and constitutive growth on these hexose sugars was achieved for evolved mutant strains. Additionally, two mutations were identified that are involved in (regulation of) transport or metabolism of these hexose sugars.

Together these findings provide valuable insights into the central metabolism of C. thermocellum and aid future optimizations of this organism for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic feedstocks into fuels and chemicals. 

Abstract [sv]

För att mildra klimatförändringarna måste utsläppen av växthusgaser minskas till nettonoll år 2050 vilket kräver en drastisk förändring i dagens energisektor. För att uppnå detta mål förväntas användningen av biobränslen producerade från lignocellulosabaserade råmaterial, såsom jordbruks- och skogsrester, spela en viktig roll. Den naturliga förmågan att effektivt bryta ned lignocellulosa hittas hos den anaerobiska termofilen Clostridium thermocellum och gör denna mikroorganism till en lovande kandidat för konsoliderad bioprocessering av lignocellulosabaserade råmaterial till biobränslet etanol. För industriell implementering krävs dock förbättringar av etanolutbyte, -titer och -tolerans. Syftet med denna avhandling var att öka förståelsen av C. thermocellums centrala metabolism och därigenom vägleda framtida insatser inom metabol ingenjörskonst och processoptimering för att förbättra etanolproduktionen från lignocellulosabaserade råvaror.

Den atypiska glykolysen hos C. thermocellum använder pyrofosfat (PPi) i stället för ATP som fosforyldonator. Denna skillnad har hypotiserats öka energieffektiviteten men samtidigt minska den termodynamiska drivkraften, och resultera i en lägre uppnåbar etanoltiter. Därför är en förbättrad förståelse av PPi-metabolismen viktig ur fundamentala och applicerbara perspektiv. Knockoutstudier tillsammans med fysiologisk karaktärisering av fyra predikterade metaboliska PPi-källor gav värdefulla insikter i PPi-metabolismen och visade att energifördelarna med användningen av PPi sannolikt är begränsade. Vidare visade biokemisk karaktärisering av ATP-Pfk från C. thermocellum och andra bakterier att PPi kan vara en viktig allosterisk regulator för bakterier med en PPi-beroende glykolys.

Den låga termodynamiska drivkraften hos etanolproduktionsvägen kombinerat med ett flexibelt redoxnätverk är nyckelfaktorer som påverkar etanoltitern, -utbytet och -toleransen hos C. thermocellum. Förutom övervägande termodynamiska begränsningar visade fysiologisk karaktärisering av vildtypen och en modifierad icke-etanolproducerande stam, vid olika extracellulära etanolkoncentrationer och temperaturer, att även biokemiska begränsningar påverkar etanoltoleransen. Att sänka odlingstemperaturen reducerade de kaotropiska effekterna av etanol och förbättrade etanoltoleransen.

Produktion av biprodukter och ofullständigt substratutnyttjande minskar erhållna etanolutbyten. För att minimera produktionen av en specifik klass av biprodukter undersöktes mekanismen bakom aminosyrasekretion hos C. thermocellum. Cellobios- eller ammoniumbegränsade kemostater av vildtypen och knockout-stammar av NADPH-producerande och -konsumerande reaktionsvägar identifierade ett katabolisk överskott av NADPH som den främsta drivkraften bakom aminosyrasekretion. Malatshunten samt det ammoniumreglerade skiftet mellan olika assimileringvägar av kväve med specificitet för olika kofaktorer visade sig spela en nyckelroll i NADPH-metabolismen och aminosyrasekretionen. 

För att öka substratutnyttjandet användes laboratorieevolution kombinerat med reverse metabolic engineering som verktyg för att ge insikter i hur utnyttjande av glukos och fruktos kan förbättras. Laboratorieevolutionen resulterade i stammar med reproducerbar och konstitutiv tillväxt på dessa hexoser. Sedan identifierades två mutationer involverade i (reglering av) transport eller metabolism av dessa hexoser.

Tillsammans ger dessa forskningsrön värdefulla insikter i C. thermocellums centrala metabolism och underlättar framtida optimeringar av denna organism för konsoliderad bioprocessering av lignocellulosabaserat råmaterial till bränslen och kemikalier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga tekniska högskolan, 2023. p. 105
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:16
Keywords
Clostridium thermocellum, biofuels, ethanol, atypical glycolysis, pyrophosphate, phosphofructokinase, thermodynamic driving force, redox cofactor balancing, amino acid secretion, chaotropicity, hexose utilization, laboratory evolution, metabolic engineering
National Category
Industrial Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326160 (URN)978-91-8040-543-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-02, Lärosal 22, House 4 Albano campus, Albanovägen 12, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61717219797, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017-00973Novo Nordisk Foundation, NNF20OC0064164
Note

QC 2023-04-25

Available from: 2023-04-25 Created: 2023-04-25 Last updated: 2023-05-29Bibliographically approved

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Kuil, TeunYayo, JohannesPechan, JohannaKüchler, Janvan Maris, Antonius J. A.

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