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Carbide Precipitation during Processing of Two Low-Alloyed Martensitic Tool Steels with 0.11 and 0.17 V/Mo Ratios Studied by Neutron Scattering, Electron Microscopy and Atom Probe
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Properties. Swerim AB, Box 7047, Kista, SE-16407 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1172-615X
Swerim AB, Box 7047, SE-16407 Kista, Sweden..
Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Neutron Scattering & Imaging, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland..ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5879-6943
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2022 (English)In: Metals, E-ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 12, no 5, p. 758-758Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Two industrially processed low-alloyed martensitic tool steel alloys with compositions Fe-0.3C-1.1Si-0.81Mn-1.5Cr-1.4Ni-1.1Mo-0.13V and Fe-0.3C-1.1Si-0.81Mn-1.4Cr-0.7Ni-0.8Mo-0.14V (wt.%) were characterized using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and atom probe tomography (APT). The combination of methods enables an understanding of the complex precipitation sequences that occur in these materials during the processing. Nb-rich primary carbides form at hot working, while Fe-rich auto-tempering carbides precipitate upon quenching, and cementite carbides grow during tempering when Mo-rich secondary carbides also nucleate and grow. The number density of Mo-rich carbides increases with tempering time, and after 24 h, it is two to three orders of magnitude higher than the Fe-rich carbides. A high number density of Mo-rich carbides is important to strengthen these low-alloyed tool steels through precipitation hardening. The results indicate that the Mo-rich secondary carbide precipitates are initially of MC character, whilst later they start to appear as M2C. This change of the secondary carbides is diffusion driven and is therefore mainly seen for longer tempering times at the higher tempering temperature of 600 ◦C.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. Vol. 12, no 5, p. 758-758
Keywords [en]
tool steel, precipitation, carbides, martensite, tempering, STEM, APT, SANS
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324435DOI: 10.3390/met12050758ISI: 000803414800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129202157OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-324435DiVA, id: diva2:1740688
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, FID15-0043
Note

QC 20230306

Available from: 2023-03-01 Created: 2023-03-01 Last updated: 2023-12-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Carbides in martensitic medium carbon low alloyed tool steels studied with small angle scattering techniques, electron microscopy and atom probe tomography
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Carbides in martensitic medium carbon low alloyed tool steels studied with small angle scattering techniques, electron microscopy and atom probe tomography
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Medium carbon low alloyed tool steels are used today in various areas to shape plastics, nonferrous metals, and steels, and they are crucial in the manufacturing industry. To be effective, tool steels must be strong and tough, and have high wear resistance and temperature stability. To achievethe desired properties, materials are alloyed so that secondary phaseparticles precipitate during processing, especially during the tempering of martensitic steels. However, the hardening contribution relates to the size,volume fraction and number density of precipitates, controlled by alloy composition and heat-treating parameters. It is therefore essential to understand how, where, and when the particles nucleate and how the precipitation sequence and kinetics are affected by alloying additions,tempering temperature, and time.

This work is aimed to study carbide precipitation in two commercial low-alloy tool steel using small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering. To support these methods, samples were characterized with transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). With a combination of high-resolution techniques, it was possible to establish the precipitation sequence in these steels. It was also possible with various small angle scattering techniques to determine the evolution of volume fraction and number density of precipitates as a function of tempering parameters.

First, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used, which is an excellent method for bulk quantification of small precipitates in steel. It was possible with SANS to broadly study the precipitation process depending on annealing temperature and time. However, it is difficult with regular small angle scattering (SAS) to distinguish particle types with overlapping size distributions. To possibly separate the scattering signal from different carbide types, measurements were carried out with polarized small angle neutron scattering (SANSPOL) and anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering(ASAXS). With ASAXS it was possible to isolate the signal from molybdenum-rich carbides from other types of carbides.

With SANSPOL, it was possible to follow the enrichment of alloy elements in cementite. The appearance of cementite can be described as an iron-richcore with a chromium-enriched shell. The partitioning of substitutional elements affects the stability of cementite and the alloy carbides. It was also possible with SANSPOL, during heating, to follow the initial precipitation of particles.

Results from different experimental methods have been compared with precipitation simulations using thermodynamics-based precipitationmodeling. Equilibrium calculations indicates the possible stability ofdifferent precipitates, and the kinetics are captured with tools such as TCPRISMA to simulate structure evolution during tempering. Hardness measurements were made to correlate structure evolution to mechanical properties.

Abstract [sv]

Verktygsstål används idag inom en mängd olika områden för att förädla plaster, metaller och stål, och är således viktiga inom tillverkningsindustrin. Utmärkande egenskaper för verktygsstål är kombinationen av styrka,seghet, nötningsbeständighet och värmebeständighet vid applikationen. För att nå dessa egenskaper legeras materialen så att partiklar av sekundära faser skiljs ut under tillverkningen, framför allt under anlöpning av martensitiska stål. Vid anlöpning genomgår materialet en isotermvärmebehandling vid500–600°C under ca 1–4 timmar. Detta är oftast tillräckligt för att nå den optimala kombinationen av små partiklar (1–10 nm) med hög nummertäthet som effektivt härdar materialet. Det optimala härdningsbidraget varierar dock beroende på legeringssammansättning och anlöpningsparametrar. Det är således viktigt att förstå hur, var och när partiklarna kärnbildas, och hur partikelutskiljningen påverkas av legeringstillsatser och anlöpningstemperatur och tid. Detta är viktig information som kan användasför en mer effektiv legeringsutveckling.

Målet med detta projekt har varit att studera partikelutskiljning i två kommersiella låglegerade verktygsstål med hjälp av lågvinkelspridning av neutroner (SANS) och röntgenstrålar (SAXS). För att underlätta utvärderingen av spridningsdata har prover även utvärderats i transmissionselektronmikroskop och med atomsondstomografi. Olika varianter av lågvinkelspridning har använts, både ex-situ och in-situ, för att utvärdera möjligheten studera utskiljning i kommersiella verkstygstål. Till en början utvärderades prover med lågvinkelspridning av neutroner(SANS), med vilka det var möjligt att i stora drag studera utskiljningsförloppet beroende på anlöpningstemperatur och tid. Dock fanns det osäkerheter kring resultaten kopplat till överlappande storleksfördelningar av olika karbidtyper. För att bättre kunna separera spridningssignalen från olika karbidvarianter genomfördes mätningar med ”anomal lågvinkel röntgenspridning” (ASAXS). Med vilket det var möjligtatt isolera signalen från molybdenrika karbider från övriga typer av karbider.Med lågvinkelspridning av polariserade neutroner (SANSPOL) var det möjligt att följa anrikningen av legeringselement i cementit karbider, vars utseende kan beskrivas som en järnrik kärna med ett kromanrikat skal, vilket tros påverka både stabiliteten av cementit och utskiljningsförloppet av legeringskarbider. Det var även möjligt att med SANSPOL, under uppvärmning, följa den initiala utskiljningen av partiklar. Resultaten jämfördes med jämvikts- och utskiljningsberäkningar med Thermo-Calcoch TC-PRISMA. Mekaniska egenskaper korrelerades med hjälp avhårdhetsmätningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2023. p. 101
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2023:7
Keywords
Low alloyed tool steel, Martensite, Small angle scattering, Scanning transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; atom probe tomography; Scanning precession electron diffraction; Precipitation; carbides; Tempering.
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324600 (URN)978-91-8040-513-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-03-29, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67236950608, Lindstedtsvägn 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, FID15-0043
Available from: 2023-03-08 Created: 2023-03-07 Last updated: 2023-12-07Bibliographically approved

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Claesson, ErikHedström, Peter

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