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Two-Photon Polymerization Printing with High Metal Nanoparticle Loading
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Microsystems Technology, Uppsala University, SE 75103 Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9201-0454
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6854-1423
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE 75103 Uppsala, Sweden.
Kanthal AB, SE 73427 Hallstahammar, Sweden.
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2023 (English)In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ISSN 1944-8244, E-ISSN 1944-8252, Vol. 15, no 42, p. 49794-49804Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is an efficient technique to achieve high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D)-printed complex structures. However, it is restricted to photocurable monomer combinations, thus presenting constraints when aiming at attaining functionally active resist formulations and structures. In this context, metal nanoparticle (NP) integration as an additive can enable functionality and pave the way to more dedicated applications. Challenges lay on the maximum NP concentrations that can be incorporated into photocurable resist formulations due to the laser-triggered interactions, which primarily originate from laser scattering and absorption, as well as the limited dispersibility threshold. In this study, we propose an approach to address these two constraints by integrating metallic Rh NPs formed ex situ, purposely designed for this scope. The absence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) within the visible and near-infrared spectra, coupled with the limited absorption value measured at the laser operating wavelength (780 nm), significantly limits the laser-induced interactions. Moreover, the dispersibility threshold is increased by engineering the NP surface to be compatible with the photocurable resin, permitting us to achieve concentrations of up to 2 wt %, which, to our knowledge, is significantly higher than the previously reported limit (or threshold) for embedded metal NPs. Another distinctive advantage of employing Rh NPs is their role as promising contrast agents for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) bioimaging. We demonstrated the presence of Rh NPs within the whole 2PP-printed structure and emphasized the potential use of NP-loaded 3D-printed nanostructures for medical devices.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2023. Vol. 15, no 42, p. 49794-49804
Keywords [en]
additive manufacturing, metal nanoparticles, nanoparticle surface engineering, two-photon polymerization, X-ray fluorescence
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339514DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10581ISI: 001082684900001PubMedID: 37816209Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85175269890OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-339514DiVA, id: diva2:1811736
Note

QC 20231114

Available from: 2023-11-14 Created: 2023-11-14 Last updated: 2024-02-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Preclinical X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging with Multifunctional Nanoparticles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Preclinical X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging with Multifunctional Nanoparticles
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) is an emerging technique for preclinical studies, characterized by high resolution, specificity, and sensitivity. It relies on nanoparticles (NPs) as contrast agents, which must be constituted of specific elements that match the X-ray source energy for detection. Laboratory liquid metal-jet X-ray sources enable compact in vivo XFI, thereby extending the accessibility of this imaging technique beyond synchrotron facilities.

When designing NPs as contrast agents, biocompatibility is essential for both preclinical and clinical imaging, often requiring a passivating biocompatible coating on the NP surface. The NP cores can provide contrast by their elemental composition, while coating, conjugation, and decoration strategies can add other functionalities and improve biocompatibility.

In this thesis, multifunctional NPs are designed to extend the functionality of XFI contrast agents by incorporating optically fluorescent or magnetically active components: conjugated carbon quantum dots, dye-doped silica shell, and decorated superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs. The designed multifunctional NPs allow correlative and multiscale imaging with complementary techniques such as confocal optical microscopy or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, these NPs also facilitate more comprehensive studies on NP pharmacokinetics, paving the way for more robust investigations in the field of nanomedicine.

The benefits of multifunctional NPs are demonstrated with two approaches. First, in vivo correlative imaging with MRI and XFI is shown to reduce false positives caused by MRI artifacts in the lungs and abdomen. Second, XFI is employed to enable rapid NP bioengineering, by iteratively improving NP properties and administration strategies for passive tumor targeting. Optical and X-ray fluorescent multifunctional NPs enable the co-localization of NPs at both macroscopic and microscopic levels with XFI and confocal microscopy, correlating NP accumulation in organs with NP-cell interactions. These results highlight the role of XFI in the field of nanomedicine, with potential applications in pharmacokinetics, tumor targeting, treatment monitoring, and the development of medical devices.

Abstract [sv]

Röntgenfluorescensavbildning (RFA) är en växande teknik för prekliniska studier, och karakteriseras av hög upplösning, specificitet och känslighet. RFA använder nanopartiklar (NP:ar) som kontrastmedel, vilket måste innehålla specifika element som matchar röntgenkällans energi. Röntgenkällor med flytande metallstråleteknik möjliggör kompakt in vivo RFA i laboratorier, vilket gör denna avbildningsteknik tillgänglig även utanför synkrotronanläggningar.

Vid utformningen av NP:ar som kontrastmedel är biokompatibilitet avgörande betydelse både för preklinisk och klinisk avbildning, vilket ofta kräver ett passiverande biokompatibelt skikt på NP-ytan. NP-kärnorna kan ge kontrast genom sin grundämnessammansättning, medan beläggnings-, konjugerings- och dekorationsstrategier kan lägga till andra funktionaliteter och förbättra biokompatibiliteten.

I denna avhandling syntetiseras multifunktionella NP:ar för att utöka funktionaliteten hos RFA-kontrastmedel genom att inkorporera optiskt fluorescerande eller magnetiskt aktiva komponenter: konjugerade kolkvantprickar, färgämnesdopat  kiseldioxidskal och dekorerade superparamagnetiska järnoxid NP:ar. De utformade multifunktionella NP:arna möjliggör korrelativ avbildning med kompletterande tekniker som konfokal optisk mikroskopi eller magnetisk resonanstomografi (MR). Dessutom underlättar dessa NP:ar också mer omfattande studier av NP-farmakokinetik, vilket banar väg för bättre underbyggda undersökningar inom nanomedicin.

Fördelarna med multifunktionella NP:ar demonstreras med två tillvägagångssätt. För det första har in vivo korrelativ avbildning med MR och RFA visat sig minska antalet falska positiva resultat orsakade av MR-artefakter i lungorna och buken. För det andra används RFA för att möjliggöra snabb utveckling och design av NP:ar, genom att iterativt förbättra NP-egenskaper och administreringsstrategier för passiv ansamling i tumörer. Optiska och röntgenfluorescerande multifunktionella NP:ar möjliggör samlokalisering av NP:ar på både makroskopisk och mikroskopisk nivå med RFA och konfokal mikroskopi, vilket korrelerar NP-ackumuleringar i organ med NP-cellinteraktioner. Dessa resultat belyser RFA:s roll inom nanomedicinfältet, med dess potentiella tillämpningar inom farmakokinetik, tumörmålsökning, behandlingsövervakning och utveckling av medicinska instrument.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:07
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Research subject
Physics, Biological and Biomedical Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343804 (URN)978-91-8040-841-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-22, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 240227

Available from: 2024-02-27 Created: 2024-02-22 Last updated: 2024-02-27Bibliographically approved

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Kilic, Nuzhet I.Saladino, Giovanni M.Toprak, Muhammet

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