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Visualizing Local Superconductivity of NbTiN Nanowires to Probe Inhomogeneity in Single-Photon Detectors
Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Condensed Matter Theory.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3794-0816
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Condensed Matter Theory.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8488-9035
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2024 (English)In: ACS Applied Optical Materials, E-ISSN 2771-9855, Vol. 2, no 1, p. 68-75Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

NbTiN has a high critical temperature (Tc) of up to 17 K, making it a great candidate for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) and other applications requiring a bias current close to the depairing current. However, superconducting inhomogeneities are often observed in superconducting thin films, and superconducting inhomogeneities can influence the vortex nucleation barrier and furthermore affect the critical current Ic of a superconducting wire. Superconducting inhomogeneities can also result in stochastic variations in the critical current between identical devices, and therefore, it is crucial to have a detailed understanding of inhomogeneities in SNSPDs in order to improve device efficiency. In this study, we utilized scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) to investigate the inhomogeneity of superconducting properties in meandered NbTiN nanowires, which are commonly used in SNSPDs. Our findings show that variations in the superconducting gap are strongly correlated with the film thickness. By using time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau simulations and statistical modeling, we explored the implications of the reduction in the critical current and its sample-to-sample variations. Our study suggests that the thickness of NbTiN plays a critical role in achieving homogeneity in superconducting properties.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2024. Vol. 2, no 1, p. 68-75
Keywords [en]
inhomogeneity superconducting properties, NbTiN, single-photon detector, superconducting nanowire
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344193DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.3c00326Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85186097017OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-344193DiVA, id: diva2:1842913
Note

QC 20240307

Available from: 2024-03-06 Created: 2024-03-06 Last updated: 2025-03-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Models and Simulations of Superconducting Nanowires
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Models and Simulations of Superconducting Nanowires
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Superconducting nanowires are an important component in modern photon detectors, such as the superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD). In the first three parts of this thesis work I have used simulations of the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) model in order to study how the effect of current crowding, material inhomogeneities, and thermal fluctuations can impact the critical current of such superconducting wires. The critical current is an important parameter for the SNSPD in order to achieve a single photon sensitivity, and a high detection efficiency.

The effect of Ic reduction due to current crowding is found to be less pronounced in the GL model, as compared to previous calculations using the London model.However it remains a relevant factor for meander designs that use very sharp turns in order to achieve a high fill factor. We show how an applied magnetic field may be used as a probe to identify the presence of current crowding in a turn design.We also propose a modified meander design which allows for arbitrarily high fill factor of the meander lines, without suffering Ic reduction due to current crowding.

The study of inhomogeneities shows how even in a straight wire the presence of inhomogeneities can result in a statistical variation of the Ic, leading to a reduction of the effective critical current. We have also demonstrated how the effective critical current in this way can acquire a characteristic dependence on the length of the wire.

Similarly, even for an otherwise homogeneous wire thermal fluctuations may excite vortices to enter into the wire. Such random vortex entry can lead to breakdown of the superconducting state, and thereby a random variation of the critical current. We show how the rate of such switching events can be calculated by combining critical current distributions sampled using different sweep rates of the current, or different wire lengths.

The fourth work in this thesis focuses instead on vortex fluctuations in superconducting thin film with a regular lattice of nanometre sized pores. The addition of nanopores to the film is seen, experimentally, to reduce the superfluid stiffness.We use Monte Carlo simulations of a 2D XY model to investigate this dependence for a number of different pore configurations.

Abstract [sv]

Supraledande nanotrådar är en viktig komponent i moderna fotondetektorer, som exempelvis den supraledande nanotråd singelfoton detektorn (SNSPD).I de tre första delarna av den här avhandlingen har jag använt simuleringar av Ginzburg-Landau (GL) modellen för att studera hur effekten av current-crowding, inhomogeniteter och termiska fluktuationer kan påverka den kritiska strömmen i sådana supraledande trådar.Den kritiska strömmen är en viktig parameter för SNSPD för att uppnå en känslighet för individuella fotoner, samt en hög detektionseffektivitet.

Effekten av Ic-reduktion på grund av current-crowding visar sig vara mindre utpräglad i GL-modellen, jämfört med tidigare beräkningar med London-modellen.Det är dock fortfarande en relevant faktor för meanderdesigner som använder mycket skarpa svängar för att uppnå en hög fyllnadsfaktor.Vi visar hur ett applicerat magnetfält kan användas för att identifiera närvaron av current-crowding i en design.Vi föreslår också en modifierad meanderdesign som tillåter godtyckligt hög fyllnadsfaktor för meanderlinjerna, utan att drabbas av Ic-minskning på grund av current-crowding.

Studien av inhomogeniteter visar hur närvaron av inhomogeniteter även i en rak tråd kan resultera i en statistisk variation av Ic, vilket leder till en minskning av den effektiva kritiska strömmen.Vi har också visat hur den effektiva kritiska strömmen på detta sätt kan få ett karakteristiskt beroende av trådens längd.

På liknande sätt kan, även för en homogen tråd, termiska fluktuationer excitera vortex som kommer in i tråden. Sådana slumpmässiga vortex kan leda till nedbrytning av det supraledande tillståndet och därigenom också en slumpmässig variation av den kritiska strömmen.Vi visar hur frekvensen av sådana event kan beräknas genom att kombinera kritiska strömfördelningar som är samplade med olika svephastigheter för strömmen, eller olika trådlängder.

Det fjärde arbetet i denna avhandling fokuserar istället på vortexfluktuationer i tunna supraledande filmer med ett regelbundet gitter av porer med nanometer storlek.Tillsatsen av nanoporer till filmen ses, genom experiment, minska den superfluidiska styvheten.Vi använder Monte Carlo-simuleringar av en 2D XY-modell för att undersöka detta beroende för ett antal olika por-konfigurationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 70
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:10
Keywords
Superconductivity, Critical current, Ginzburg-Landau theory, SNSPD
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Research subject
Physics, Theoretical Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-361523 (URN)978-91-8106-217-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-04-11, FB55, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-03-21

Available from: 2025-03-21 Created: 2025-03-21 Last updated: 2025-03-24Bibliographically approved

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Vedin, RobertJönsson, MattiasGyger, SamuelSteinhauer, StephanLidmar, JackZwiller, Val

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